مولانا محمد جعفر شاہ پھلواروی
مولانا محمد جعفر شاہ، پھلواروی شریف(بہار)کے ایک نامی گرامی خانوادۂ علم و تصوف کے چشم وچراغ تھے، ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ میں تعلیم پائی تھی، فراغت کے بعد ادھر اُدھر رہے۔ آخرپاکستان گورنمنٹ کی سرپرستی میں لاہور میں ادارۂ ثقافت اسلامیہ قائم ہوا تومولانا اس سے ایسے وابستہ ہوئے کہ عمر وہیں گزار دی۔ اس دور میں انھوں نے’’المعارف‘‘میں مقالات لکھے اور متعدد اہم اورفکرانگیز کتابیں بھی تصنیف کیں۔ ان کی کتاب’’اسلام اورموسیقی‘‘اورمسائل اجتہادیہ پربعض حلقوں میں کافی شورش ہوئی لیکن مرحوم کے موقف میں کوئی تبدیلی پیدا نہیں ہوئی۔ان کی علمی استعداد پختہ تھی، مطالعہ وسیع تھا، طبیعت غوروفکر کی عادی تھی اور ان کا جوہر ذہانت وطباعی خداداد اورفطری تھا۔۱۹۶۹ء اور۱۹۷۶ء میں ان سے لاہور میں متعدد ملاقاتیں ہوئیں، جب کبھی ملے توبڑے تپاک اورمحبت سے ملے، ایک مرتبہ گھر پر مدعو بھی کیا۔ میں نے ہمیشہ یہ محسوس کیا کہ مرحوم اپنی تحریروں کے آئینہ میں جس قدر آزاد خیال نظرآتے ہیں، عقیدہ و عمل اوراخلاق وشمائل کے اعتبار سے اسی درجہ کے پکے اورسچے مسلمان اور عالم باعمل تھے۔ ادارۂ ثقافت اسلامیہ لاہور سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد وہ لاہور سے کراچی میں سکونت پذیر اورگوشہ نشین ہوگئے تھے۔اللھم اغفرلھماوارحمھما [جولائی۱۹۸۲ء]
Islamic law is basically a part of a holistic system based primarily on the divine message enclosed in the Holy Qur'an and traditions of the Prophet (SAW), which are the main fundamental sources of Islamic law. After the demise of the Prophet (SAW), field of Ijtehād started development, which was already approved by the Prophet (SAW) in his life. The companions of the Prophet (SAW) developed the notion of Ijmā while early Muslim jurists discovered the Qiyās, Maslaha, Istislāh, Istehsān etc. Determining the location of authority and its scope in law-making has remained a complex situation for the western philosophers since long. As far as the case of Muslims is concerned, they are in the position to find solution of this situation as to where the authority dwells; enabling them to resolve many queries which seemed to be unanswered for the long time. It is important for the Muslims to comprehend the concept of Islamic institutions from the perspective of Islamic frame work and legal as well as constitutional history of Islamic history.
Almost 90% of the wheat is facing the threat of stem rust (Puccinia graminis) worldwide. In Pakistan, most of the farmers tend to grow old wheat varieties, which are susceptible to the disease. Replacement of older varieties with high yielding and modern genetically bred varieties will protect farmers against the inevitable attack of stem rust and other diseases. The inevitability of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) migration from Iran to Pakistan, coupled with the presence of dangerous new races of yellow rust and leaf rust, are of such importance that their molecular surveillance and rust resistant varieties are now required to improve genetically. Constantly evolving new variants of plant pathogens pose a threat to wheat production. To overcome this, lot of efforts have been made to better understand molecular aspects of resistance to disease and virulence factors that promote the onset of disease. There are many genes identified and characterized, which have resistance against stem rust disease to various levels. They include Sr gene family. Screening of these Sr gene family and some other genes (RPG genes) was done against wheat germplasm. We screened 108 wheat cultivars for different reported resistant genes. Frequency of Sr45 is highest among all other genes which is 65%. Sr35, RPG1 and Sr22 have gene frequency respectively 58%, 37% and 33%. While Sr33 and RPG5 does not appear in any cultivar. Sr22 was selected for isolation and transformation. Today, many transformation methods of resistant genes to various crop plants including wheat are widely used. Sr22 was triggered by inducing Puccinia graminis on healthy resistant varieties such as Mexi-Pak, Auqab 2000 and AS 2002. After inducing Puccinia graminis on healthy plant total mRNA was isolated which was used to synthesize cDNA and full-length gene. The gene was introduced to a commercial susceptible variety, LASANI 2008. Gene gun method was used for transformation. The pCAMBIA2300 plasmid was used having the Kanamycin resistant gene and Cauliflower Mosaic Virus promoter. After transformation, gene integration and expression studies were carried out.