Social sector organizations can play an important role in meeting the development goals of a country; their true potential can be optimized if there is no trust deficit between all the stakeholders of the social sector. Social sector organizations should focus both on offline and online disclosures, according to international best practices; however, the importance of online disclosure carries more weight owing to the reliance of stakeholders on the internet. This study is an effort to start the debate pertaining to best practices about E-Accountability measures that social sector organizations should follow. For the case of Pakistan, there exist a schism between public, social sector organizations, and the government; the government of Pakistan revoked the licenses of many social sector organizations in 2016. It is important to note that positive contributions of social sector organization can be aptly highlighted if there is a third-party evaluation of their accountability mechanism. This study focused on the social sector organizations working in Pakistan; websites of 199 randomly sampled social sector organizations are analyzed by using a new E-Accountability index. Post-Stratification is used for the sampling of social sector organizations working in various service areas, such as education, and health. Due to the unavailability of a holistic directory of social sector organizations in Pakistan, we have developed a directory by using researching on multiple websites mentioned in detail in the main body of this study. The proposed E-Accountability index is defined according to three dimensions: usability, content, and communication, each of which contains different elements of downward, upward and functional accountability. The websites were coded in 2016. International social sector organizations performed better than the local ones. The contribution of print media is evident from the fact that those organizations that were featured in newspapers showed a better E-Accountability score. Size of the organization also played an important rule; social sector organizations with at least two branches score better on the E-Accountability index. Application of binary logistic regression on the proposed E-Accountability index showed that the odds of having a better E-Accountability score are 1.76 times higher for social sector organizations with branches. Odds of a better E-Accountability score for international social sector organizations are twice the odds for the local ones. The odds of a better E-Accountability score are 1.57 times higher for social sector organizations featured in newspapers as compared to the ones that are not featured. The proposed E-Accountability index can be used as a tool to issue ratings xx to social sector organization; these ratings can be further used by the government of Pakistan before issuing or renewing the license of these organizations. Better disclosures are observed about “Feedback Mechanism”, “Use of Other Media”, “List of Programs”, Clickability”, “Perceivabilty”, “Operability”, and link to “Social Networking Sites”. The worst disclosures are about “NGO Bylaws”, “Privacy Policy”, “Board of Directors Minutes”, Site in More than One Language”, “External Links to Local Organizations”, “Site Map”, Employee or Beneficiary Surveys”. The second contribution of this study is to evaluate a new model of social work i.e., Community Development Park Model, which is similar to themed science park except for the fact that instead of scientific discoveries these parks focus on solving social issues in an area by engaging multiple social sector organizations. Apparently, this seems unrelated to the proposed accountability framework; however, it must be kept in mind that the purpose of this research is to provide guidelines for best practices to SSOs working in Pakistan. Consequently, we presented the case of best practices followed by SSOs working in a Community Development Park Model. Rashidabad city in Tando Allahyar town of Sindh is using the Community Development Park Model to solve health, education, social inclusion, and employment issues of the local communities. Rashidabad offers an avenue of circumventing rural-urban integration; this park offers benefits of urban lifestyle with the serenity typical to rural areas. This park offers rural communities to feel connected with the urban lifestyles, hence shaping a common national identity. For comparison of education services, data were collected from 142 students enrolled at schools in Rashidbadad and 195 students enrolled at schools outside Rashidabad, 59 teachers from various schools within Rashidabad, and 28 teachers from various schools outside Rashidbabad. For comparison of health services, data were collected from 100 patients seeking health services from hospitals within Rashidabad, and 50 patients seeking health services from the District Headquarter Hospital, Tando Allahyar. Data collected from schools and hospitals inside and outside Rashidabad shows that schools and hospitals within Rashidabad outperform the ones outside Rashidabad. Within Rashidabad, perceptions of teachers are more positive, as compared to teachers of schools outside Rashidabad, about decision-making abilities of teachers, curriculum, collaboration between teachers & parents/students, financial resources, and human capital. Within Rashidabad, perceptions of students are more positive, as compared to students of schools outside Rashidabad, about quality of curriculum, exposure to IT skills, co-curricular activities, teaching standards, and medical-care. Assessment according to SAFED (2015) report card shows that the schools within Rashidabad possess all the facilities mentioned in xxi SAFED (2015) report i.e., usable toilet, safe drinking water, cleanliness of toilets, boundary wall, playground, computer lab, electricity connection, and library. Schools outside Rashidabad are worst in availability of playground, toilet cleanliness, and computer lab facility. Hospitals within Rashidabad are compared with District headquarter hospital, Tando Allahyar, using a total of 14 criterions: criterion 1 to 4 are about hospital staff, criterion 3 to 9 are about quality of arrangements for inpatients, criterion 10 to 11 are about pain management, criterion 12 to 14 are about hygiene & quality of food. Performance of District headquarter hospital remains invariably below the hospitals within Rashidabad; District headquarter hospital performs worst on the indicators pertaining to quality of food, theatre experience, staff identification, and bathroom facilities.
مولانا شاہ عبدالقادر رائے پوری افسوس ہے ابھی حضرت مجاہد ملت کے ماتم کے آنسو خشک بھی نہیں ہوئے تھے کہ ملت اسلامیہ کے لیے ایک دوسرا حادثۂ جاں گداز پیش آگیا اورطریقت و معرفت ربانی کاآفتاب غروب ہوگیا۔حضرت مولانا شاہ عبدالقادر صاحب رائے پوری اکابر مشائخ دیوبند کے سلسلہ کی آخری کڑی تھے۔عمر کم وبیش ۹۰برس کی پائی۔مگرچاربرس پہلے تک قویٰ بڑے اچھے تھے اور انڈوپاک کے ہزاروں مسلمان بقدر استعداد اس سرچشمۂ روحانیت وانابت الی اﷲ سے مستفید ہوتے تھے۔ آپ کااصل وطن گرداسپور تھا۔آغاز شباب میں ہی مرشد کی تلاش میں نکل پڑے اورآخر حضرت مولانا شاہ عبدالرحیم صاحب رائے پوری جوحضرت مولانا گنگوہیؒ کے خلیفۂ خاص اوراکابردیوبند میں ایک ممتاز ورفیع مقام کے مالک تھے، اُن کی خدمت میں پہنچ کر گوہر مقصود پالیا۔چنانچہ آپ اس درگاہ قدس سے ایسے وابستہ ہوئے کہ پوری زندگی یہیں گزار دی۔تقسیم کے بعدہی مشرقی پنجاب میں جوطوفان امڈا اُس نے کتنی آبادیوں کوویرانہ بنادیا۔مگر شاہ صاحب تھے کہ اپنی جگہ پرکسی قسم کے خوف وہراس کے بغیر جمے رہے اوراس کااثر یہ ہواکہ اس نواح کی تمام مسلمان آبادی محفوظ رہی۔ مشائخ دیوبند کی ایک عام خصوصیت ہے سلوک ومعرفت کے اعلیٰ مقام پر فائز ہونے کے ساتھ شریعت کے احکام واوامر اورسنت واسوۂ نبوی کامکمل اتباع اوراس سے انحراف کاکسی حالت میں بھی روادار نہ ہونا۔یہ صفت حضرت مرحوم میں بھی بدرجۂ اتم موجود تھی۔ اس عام خصوصیت کے علاوہ ہربزرگ کے کچھ اپنے خاص احوال وکوائف ہوتے ہیں اوراس کا سبب یہ ہوتاہے کہ کمالات واوصاف نبوی میں سے اُس پرکسی خاص ایک وصف کاغلبہ ہوتاہے۔مثلاً کسی میں صفت علم غالب ہوتی ہے اورکسی پرصفت خلق، کوئی شان جمالی کا مظہر ہوتاہے اورکوئی شان جلالی کا۔اس اعتبار سے شاہ صاحب پرصفت فقرواستغناء،سادگی وبے تکلفی اورصفت محبت کااستیلا تھا۔محبت خود اپنے اندر مقناطیسی کشش رکھتی...
The Arabic word "عائلہ" ʿĀʾilah is customary to refer to wife and home. In Urdu language, the appropriate substitutes for this word are clan and family whereas a "family" usually comprises husband, wife and kids. Family life is also known as domestic life which is not merely a pillar of a society but also is its foundation. A home is the basic unit of domestic life and society. Contentment, peace and stability of a home depend on good and pleasant relations between husband and wife. In case the understanding between husband and wife are deficient, their relations suffer largely and become weak. Islam assigns increased significance to a firm family system in the human society. It is the family environment which is the beginning of human life. A family is the basic natural institution of human society which sustains since the time of Adam (A.S.), and as long as human societies exist, the status of family will also survive and prevail. Each human child coming into this world takes birth in a family where it is brought up to flourishes in family environment. The present-day secular environment, secular education and a society lacking the teachings of Allāh and Messenger Muḥammad (S.A.W.) has deviated the Muslims from their real objective of life and the thought about the life hereafter. Today’s Muslim carries the tendency of leading his life according to his own free will and desires instead of leading his life according to the teachings of the holy Qurʾān and the tradition of the Messenger Muḥammad (S.A.W.). He feel highly uncomfortable to pass his life as per instructions contained in the holy Qurʾān and the tradition of Muḥammad (S.A.W.). Various institutions and so-called NGOs in the name of women’s rights and enlightenment are causing increased complexities for women. Today, woman is getting far and farther from her home and households. On the plea of enlightenment and freedom she is getting away from the religious teachings, her husband and also from her children. The state under influence of these organizations has, without appropriate consideration and detailed thought, framed laws against a second marriage. This legislation has affected the society and opened way for more perversion, distance from the faith and several other social complexities which instead of finding some solution are becoming more and more intricate.
With the breakdown of Bretton Woods in 1970s, most of the world economies shifted from fixed to flexible exchange rate system. This new development increased the variability of exchange rate in the overall macroeconomic performance and it became the central focus of the monetary authorities in both the developed and developing countries. A stable exchange rate plays a significant role in the settlement of major macroeconomic variables like output, price level and foreign exchange reserves. Whereas, its instability hinders investment, trade flow and economic growth in an economy. It also provides additional aggregate demand and supply transmission channels which help in the implementation of suitable monetary policy. Exchange rate is determined by a number of factors, the identification of which can be useful for maintaining economic stability and solving monetary ills. Among the developing countries, Pakistan experienced a unique downward trend in rupee value and frequent transitions in the exchange rate systems. These distinctive features make Pakistan economy an interesting case study for the empirical examination of the rupee exchange rate and its role in the monetary policy and macroeconomic performance. The purpose of the present study is to find out which of the macroeconomic indicators has led the Pak-rupee Real Exchange Rate (RER) depreciations during the study period. Moreover, the role of the RER in a Taylor rule based monetary policy of the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has also been analyzed. Likewise, the impact of RER on output has been examined in an open economy IS curve framework for testing the contractionary hypothesis of real devaluations in Pakistan. Also, the influence of the RER on inflation has been investigated in the framework of an open economy Phillips curve approach. Furthermore, the affect of the RER on foreign exchange reserves has also been studied in the framework of a mercantilist approach. Finally, the relationship of the different exchange rate systems with the RER, monetary policy, output, price level and foreign exchange reserves have also been explored. Time series annual data covering the period 1973 to 2008 has been used for the empirical analysis. Augmented Dickey Fuller test has been used for checking the unit root in the data. Hodrick Prescott filter method has been applied for extracting the cyclical components from the observed series. Ordinary Least Squares method is used for the estimation of regression equations. The overall significance of the models has been analyzed by using Wald test. For avoiding the problems of spurious relationship between the variables and series implications for the standard errors and Durbin Watson statistic, Newy-West test has been applied. The reliability of the results has been confirmed by using the Diagnostic tools i.e. Q-statistic and LM test. CUSUM stability tests are used for checking the stability of the parameters and regression variances. Analyzing the determinants of RER, the results showed that real exchange rate fluctuations over the sample period have historically been accounted for both the domestic and foreign factors i.e. domestic inflation, domestic interest rate and US interest rate and inflation. Moreover, exchange rate regime policies are also showed to be relevant to the real exchange rate. Investigating the role of RER in the monetary policy of Pakistan, the results showed a systematic reaction to RER by the SBP in addition to the output and inflation gaps. In respect of the impact of exchange rate systems on the monetary policy, the results showed that monetary policy in Pakistan has remained constant on the different exchange rate systems followed by the SBP during the study period. Testing the contractionary hypothesis of real depreciations, it has been concluded that RER depreciations increase the output gap in Pakistan. Exchange rate regime switches are also showed to be relevant with the output gap. Dealing with the role of the RER in the determination of inflation, it is found that real depreciations is of help to describe the evolution of prices in Pakistan. It is also found that switching in exchange rate regimes explains the inflation. Finally, examining whether reserves holdings in Pakistan is motivated by precautionary or mercantilist motives, the results showed that reserves holdings in Pakistan is the by-product of the export led growth strategies of Pakistan through RER depreciations. Moreover, movement towards the floating regimes also boosted the foreign exchange reserves holdings during the study period. On the basis of the findings, it has been recommended that the SBP should also take into account foreign factors in addition to the domestic factors for the stability of RER. Also instead of targeting the monetary aggregates, the SBP should follow a rule based monetary policy where RER fluctuations should also be taken into account. Moreover, instead of devaluations of rupee for increasing exports, the government is required to follow import substitution policies. Furthermore, to increase the inflow of foreign exchange reserves in the country, the development of export sector of the country can play an important role.