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Home > Soil Retention and Bioavailability of Chlorpyrifos to Maize in Soil Receiving Different Organic Amendments

Soil Retention and Bioavailability of Chlorpyrifos to Maize in Soil Receiving Different Organic Amendments

Thesis Info

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Author

Aziz, Humera

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Soil Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12874/1/Humera%20Aziz_Soil%20Sci_2018_UAF_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727183033

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Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a toxic organophosphorus pesticide. Owing to its large scale field application, its residual contents have been reported in different fruits, vegetables, crop plants, soils and waters. Due to its persistency it can enter in food chain and prove harmful for humans and animals. Therefore it has become imperative to restrict its entry in agricultural products for food safety. Therefore, two laboratory and one greenhouse pot experiment were conducted to test the effect of biochar and compost amendments on the sorption, persistence and bioavailability of CP using five different CP concentrations (5, 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1) and two levels 0.25 and 0.50 % of compost and biochar. The sorption of CP on amended and unamended soil was tested using batch equilibrium method. Freundlich model fitted well and explained the sorption behavior of CP. Both compost and biochar significantly increased the sorption of CP and the maximum sorption capacities achieved at 0.50 % levels. However, biochar at both levels showed high sorption capacities for CP compared to compost. The degradation kinetics of CP at two initial concentrations (100 and 200 mg kg-1) was tested in controlled conditions in a laboratory incubation trial in unamended (sterilized and nonsterilized) and amended (sterilized and non-sterilized) soil with biochar and compost (at 0.25% and 0.50% of each). The degradation data of CP in amended and unamended soil was subjected to first order kinetic model. CP at 200 mg kg-1 showed less degradation rate compared to 100 mg kg-1. The CP half-lives of 30 and 60 days were recorded at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 respectively in non-sterilized soil which were increased to 94 and 125 days in sterilized soil. Incorporation of compost and biochar in CP contaminated soil affected differently to the CP degradation and higher degradation of CP was recorded in compost amended treatments than unamended as well as biochar amended treatments CP significantly reduced the soil dehydrogenase, urease and phosphatase activities at the initial stage of incubation. Both amendments significantly alleviated the negative effect of CP on all studied enzymes activities and compost showed even higher enzyme activities compared to control even in the presence of CP. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of biochar and compost amendments (at 0.25% and 0.50% of each) on the uptake of CP (at 100 and 200 mg kg-1) to maize plants. The CP was toxic at both loadings and significantly reduced the shoot and root fresh biomass as well as all tested physiological parameters. Maize plants showed increased residual concentration of CP in both shoots and roots with increasing level of CP. Maize plants induced variations in antioxidant enzymes activities in response to CP stress. Application of both biochar and compost amendments alleviated the adverse effects of CP in all studied parameters as manifested by the improvement in maize fresh biomass and physiological parameters, recovered antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased residual CP concentration in both roots and shoots of maize. However, biochar at 0.50% level was more effective in reducing uptake of CP by maize plants compared to compost.
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بہت رلاتا ہے

بہت رُلاتا ہے
گلابی رت میں!
فرشتوں کے ساتھ پرندے بھی چلے آتے ہیں
ستاروں سے ناہید،مندروں سے درگاہ۔۔۔!
خوشبو سے خمار ،تبسم سے فسوں نکل آتے ہیں
عہد شباب اور مفاہیم حکمت کے بیچ!
وفا ئیل ؑ، سرائیل ؑاور شمکائیلؑ۔۔۔!
شبنم سے وضو کرتے ہوئے۔۔۔طاق چاندنی راتوں کی قسم کھاتے ہیں
درد ائیل کے رو برو۔۔۔!
سرخ سبز عشق کا نقیب۔۔۔!
توراتِ فسوں والانجیل کا حافظ۔۔۔!
ارغوانی لہجے میں اصحاب جمال کی آیتیں پڑھتے ہوئے!
شہر عشق میں بجتی دف کے ساتھ !
مندروں میں رقص کرتی داسیاں دکھاتے ہوئے!
قم، رے اور سامرہ کی داستاں سناتا ہے۔۔۔بہت رُلاتا ہے

 

جن حویلیوں میں۔۔۔!
چاندنی درود سلام پڑھتے ہوئے۔۔۔دالانوں تک چلی آتی ہے
بہار میں سوسن و نسترن۔۔۔گلاب کیساتھ کھیلتے ہوئے!
وارثِ اسرار کا صحیفہ پڑھتے ہوئے!
سطوط اقرار و جمالیات کا قصہ سناتی ہیں
انہی حویلیوں میں !
دلفریب دھڑکنوں کے مرسلیں کا چراغ روشن کرتے ہوئے!
سرخ سبز عشق کا نقیب۔۔۔!
توراتِ فسوں والانجیل کا حافظ۔۔۔!
عذرا، ماریہ، فاریہ کا صحیفہ ہجر سناتا ہے۔۔۔بہت رلاتا ہے

انگلی کی پرکار سے۔۔۔!
فلک کی جالیوں سے لگ کر رونے والی تک!
تورات فسوں والانجیل کا حافظ۔۔۔!
سرخ سبز عشق کا نقیب۔۔۔!
محبتوں، چاہتوں کا دائرہ کھینچتا ہے
پھر بزم جمال کی دلفریب دھڑکنوں کے ساتھ تفسیر کرتے ہوئے!
شاہ بلوط کے سائے میں۔۔۔چنار وصنوبرکی سبز شاخیں لاتے ہوئے!
گزری بہار کی پوٹلی کھول کر!
سوکھی زعفرانی پتیاں دکھاتا ہے۔۔۔بہت رُلاتا ہے

وہ جب بھی تنہائی کی وادیوں میں!
یادوں کو جھنجھوڑتے ہوئے۔۔۔جنوں کو بوتے ہوئے!
حسن گلاب کے سینے میں!
شبنمی چاندنی کے خوابوں کا طلسم بن کے سماتا ہے
پھر توراتِ فسوں والانجیل کا حافظ بن کر!
ایلاف وفا کی قسمیں کھاتے ہوئے!
آوران کے محلے سے نکل کر!
حلب کی گلیوں۔۔۔دمشق کے بازاروں میں چلا آتا ہے
وہ آہو...

روايات سيرت كى تحقيق كا حديثى معيار

Seerah is a separate Islamic science from Hadith as their primary sources are different. Although there are some extents where there is over laying between them, but traditionally Seerah has different principles as compared to Hadith. The Scholars of Hadith were very strict in applying their rules whereas the scholars of Seerah were more flexible. The reason is, when academics were dealing with Ahadiths and deducingdivine rulings, they wanted to make sure they were founding the rulings on Ahadiths that were authentic and sound. So that is why they applied very stringent rules to accept Ahadith. However, when it came to Seerah, they were more flexible in their rules, because they study this as history of The Prophet PBUH which does not touch the Sharia rulings. So, we find that writers of Seerah would accept narrations, they would not usually accept if they were dealing with Ahadith. This practice with Seerah narrations was followed by our early scholars. But recently, there is a new movement among some of our researchers that they wanted to apply the rules of Ahadith on Seerah. We do not agree this approach and in this article, we have had a humble effort to compile a set of rules for acceptance of Seerah narrations.

Molecular Analysis of Group a Rotaviruses in Hospitalized Pakistani Children During 2014-2016

Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea in children <5 years in many countries. The objectives of this pre-vaccination era study were to explore the prevalence and the genetic diversity of RVA strains in <5 years children, hospitalized due to gastroenteritis during 2014 – 2016. Two tertiary care hospitals Benazir Bhutto Hospital (BBH) located in Rawalpindi and Kharadar General Hospital (KGH) in Karachi were the study sites. A total of 1227 children were tested through ELISA for the presence of RVA and 28.5% (n=350) were found positive. From the 956 children enrolled in BBH (n=502 in 2014 and n=454 in 2015), 29.1% (n=279) were RVA positive. Among the 271 children enrolled in KGH during 2016, 26% (n=71) were found to be infected with RVA. A majority (78%; n=272) of RVA gastroenteritis cases were found in children <1 year of age and the virus was detected throughout the study period. Genotyping of ELISA positive samples through RT-PCR showed G12P[6] (21%) as the most dominant genotype followed by G3P[8] (16%), G2P[4] (12%), G1P[8] (9%), G9P[6] (8%) and G3P[6] (6%). A high proportion (10%) of mixed infection was also observed. Phylogenetic analysis clustered Pakistani G1 strains into two lineages, G1 lineage 1 & 2 along with strains from Russia, Australia, Thailand, India, Bhutan, Belgium Turkey, and the USA. The G2 strains clustered into G2 lineage IV, sub lineage IVa-3 along with strains reported worldwide. Pakistani G2 strains showed the D96N and S242N substitutions which are characteristic of sub-lineage IVa-3 and have been linked to the reemergence of these strains in many countries. Pakistan G3 viruses clustered into G3 lineage 3, sub-lineage 3d and were closely related to strains from China, Russia, Japan, and the USA. High amino acid similarities existed among indigenous G3 and the new variant G3 viruses that were first reported from Japan in 2003-2004. We hereby report the first finding of these variant G3 viruses from our country. The G9 strains grouped into two lineages G9 lineage 3 & 4 with the majority of strains belonging to lineage 3. Pakistani G12 strains belonged to the G12 lineage 3 together with G12 from different countries. The P[4], P[6] and P[8] Pakistani strains were linked to VP4 genotypes found globally. Comparative analysis of wild-type rotaviruses with RotarixTM and RotaTeqTM revealed several amino acid differences in the VP7 and VP8* antigenic epitopes. Notably, Pakistani G3 isolates contained a K238N amino acid change that generates an extra N linked glycosylation site which could have an effect on the antigenicity of these strains. This is the first report on the predominance of G12P[6] and the emergence of G3P[8] from Pakistan. Our findings provide important information pertinent to the genetic diversity of RVA strains circulating in the two cities of Pakistan (Rawalpindi and Karachi) and emphasize the need for large-scale epidemiological studies across the country.