Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and his Historical Writings (Notes)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was interested in history and history-writing. His areas of interest were Islamic and South Asian history. In this essay, we examine certain relevant facets of this interest and its manifestation. There are a vast number of studies on the life, achievements and goals of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan [1817-1898]. His essays have been collected from his journalism in 18 volumes by Muhammad Ismail Panipati1 and his other writings, lectures and letters have also received editorial attention. A useful tool in this regard is the compilation titled Kitabiyat-i-Sir Syed made by Ziauddin Lahori.2 As this paper focuses on Sir Syed’s historical writings, we may mention here a recent doctoral thesis of Syeda Jabin Zehra on this very topic.3 As a matter of fact, any and all of Sir Syed’s writings be they on education or religion now come under the ambit of history but our narrower focus will be on those writings that deal with history as history alone though they may also admit of other classifications.

Proportional Load Sharing and Stability of Dc Microgrid

AC electrical distribution system is presently dominating whose engineering foundations were planned above hundred years ago. However, the debate between ac and dc distribution system has started again due to the evolution of dc loads and increasing use of renewable energy sources (RESs). Currently, depleting threat of conventional fuels, growing energy demand and prices, and ecological changes necessitate that considerable power to be produced through RESs. Microgrids are modern form of distribution system which can function autonomously or in combination with main supply grid. Microgrids can operate in low or medium voltage range which have their own power generation with energy storage and loads. The unique property of the microgrids is that they can work in islanded mode under faulty grid conditions which increases the reliability of power supply. This inspires that microgrid is an e ective way of power generation and consumption. In the near future, the distribution system may consist of some interconnected microgrids with local generation, storage and consumption of power. Solar, wind and fuel cell technologies are playing an important role in electric power generation among various renewable sources. Most of these sources are inherently designed for dc or they are dc friendly. The growing use of these sources and fast evolution of domestic appliances from ac to dc attracting dc microgrids in the distribution system. DC microgrid system may be more e cient compared to the ac system because the integration of RESs in dc requires less conversion stages compared to ac. Additionally, the reactive power compensation and frequency synchronization circuits are not required in dc microgrids. DC microgrids are not exempted from the stability concerns. In therst part of this thesis, voltage stability of dc microgrid based on decentralized control architecture is presented. Droop controllers are being used for voltage stability of dc microgrids. But droop control is not e ective due to the error in steady state voltages and load power variations. Further, the voltage deviation increases with the increase in droop values which are not acceptable to the loads. Additionally, proportional integral (PI) controllers are being used to realize droop control for the ix stability of dc microgrid. The main reason to use these control techniques is due to easy implementation of their tuning method in industrial applications. However, PI controllers cannot ensure global stability. They exhibit slower transient response and control parameters cannot be optimized with load power variations. To address the aforementioned limitation, sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed for voltage stability of dc microgrid in this thesis. Main advantages of SMC are high robustness, fast dynamic response and good stability for large load variations. To analyze the stability and dynamic performance, mathematical model of a dc microgrid is derived. Controllability and stability of the modeled system are veri ed. Hitting, existence and stability conditions are veri ed through SM. Modeled dynamics of the system are graphically plotted which shows that system trajectories converge to the equilibrium point. Detailed simulations are carried out to show the e ectiveness of SM controller and results are compared with droop controller. SMC showed good voltage regulation performance in steady state condition. The e ect of transient on a step load is also investigated which con rms the good performance of the proposed controller. Further, a small scale practical setup is developed, and results are presented. In the second part of this thesis, distributed architecture using SM controller is proposed for proportional load sharing in dc microgrid. The key objectives of the dc microgrid include proportional load sharing and precise voltage regulation. Droop controllers are based on decentralized control architecture which are not e ective to achieve these objectives simultaneously due to the voltage error and load power variations. Centralized controller can achieve these objectives using high bandwidth communication link. However, it loses reliability due to the single point failure. To address limitations, a distributed architecture using SM controller utilizing low bandwidth communication is proposed in this thesis. Main advantages are high reliability, load power sharing and precise voltage regulation. To analyze the stability and dynamic performance, system model is developed and its transversality, reachability and equivalent control condition are veri ed. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the modeled system is investigated for underdamped and critically damped response. Detailed simulation results are carried out to show the e ectiveness of the proposed controller.