This dissertation investigates and describes the concept of soliton and shock formation in plasma. A rigorous theoretical investigation is made to find energy of EASWs in unmagnetized collisionless plasma. By employing reductive perturbation method, KdV equation is derived for kappa and Cairns distributed electrons. HPM technique is used to handle KdV equation. The consequences of different parameters ? (spectral index) and ? = ??/?? on soliton profile are discussed. Secondly, soliton and shock formation is studied in a magnetized rotating plasma using Cairns distribution. An admitted solitary wave solution KdV equation and an admitted travelling wave solution KdVB equation are derived. HPM technique is applied on derived KdV equation and ???ℎ-method on derived KdVB equation. It is noticed that ? = ?ℎ/??, ? = ?0?/?0ℎ affect both the soliton width and amplitude. It is also noticed that ? = ??/??, ? = ?0?/?0ℎ, kinematic viscosity and angular frequency affect the structure of shocks. Thirdly, solitons in ion-temperaturegradient (ITG) mode in a plasma are studied. Using Braginskii’s model, KdV equation in ITG mode is derived. Dependence of soliton width and amplitude on parameters ?? = ??/ ??, ? = ?? /??, and ?0 is discussed. After that, solitons formation is studied in electron-temperaturegradient (ETG) mode in a plasma. Using Braginskii’s model linear dispersion relation and KdV equation for the ETG mode are derived. It is observed that the ETG mode supports only rarefactive solitons. It is also observed that soliton profile is sensitive to ? = ??/??, ?? = ??/?? and ?0. As finding of the connection of entropy with density and temperature of plasmas gives an incitement to investigate different entropy based plasma models. Therefore, using Braginskii’s model dispersion relation and KdV for ITG mode in presence of entropy drift are derived. It is noticed only compressive solitons can be generated in this mode. It is found that entropy enhances soliton amplitude and width. It is also found that in presence of entropy drift increasing magnetic field and ion temperature enhance the soliton profile. Lastly, nonlinear dissipative one and twodimensional structures (shocks) are investigated in nonuniform magnetized plasma with respect to entropy. The dissipation comes in the medium through ion-neutral collisions. Linear dispersion relation is derived. KdVB and KPB equations are derived for nonlinear drift waves in 1-D and 2- D by employing the drift approximation. It is found that ??/? plays a significant role in the shocks formation. It is noticed that ??/? determines the rarefactive and compressive nature of the shocks. It is observed upper and lower bounds exist for the shocks velocity. It is also observed that the existing regimes for both one and two-dimensional shocks for kappa distributed electrons are different from shocks with Cairns distributed electrons. Both rarefactive and compressive shocks are found for the 1-D drift waves with kappa distributed electrons. Interestingly, it is noticed that entropy enhances the strength of one and two-dimensional shocks.
فاروقی، توفیق بھائی توفیق فاروقی بھی اﷲ کو پیارے ہوگئے موت توسب ہی کوآتی ہے اورآنی ہے ہی،جوچیز پیدا ہوئی ہے اسے فنا بھی ہونا ہے۔ موت بھی آنی ہے۔لیکن کچھ حضرات کی موت سے ایسا غم وصدمہ اور دکھ ہوتاہے کہ غم بھلانے سے بھی نہیں بھول پاتاہے۔ برہان میں وفیات کا صفحہ لکھاجاچکا تھا، شمیم عثمانی اور حضرت مولانا وحیدالزماں کیرانوی کے انتقال کی تعزیتی تحریر سپرد قلم کی جاچکی تھی کہ ابھی ابھی خبر ملی ہے کہ ’’خاتون مشرق ‘‘ اور ’’گلابی کرن‘‘ کے مدیر جناب توفیق فاروقی مورخہ ۲۴؍اپریل ۱۹۹۵ء بروز پیر کو عارضہ قلب میں مبتلا ہوکر انتقال فرماگئے ۔انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون ۔ مرحوم توفیق فاروقی مجاہد آزادی مولانا عبداﷲ فاروقیؒ کے فرزند اکبر تھے، بڑے ہی ملنسار خلیق و متواضع اور یوپی ودہلی کی تہذیب ووضعداری کے نقیب و علمبردار تھے۔ انہوں نے ’’خاتون مشرق‘‘ اور ’’گلابی کرن‘‘ جیسے رسالوں کے ذریعے مشرقی خصوصاً مسلمان خاتون کو نیک وباعمل اورعفت وعصمت کاپیکر بنانے کا بڑا ہی اچھا اورقابل ستائش کام کیا۔ مفکر ملّت حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمان عثمانیؒ سے مرحوم توفیق فاروقی اوران کے والد مرحوم مولانا عبداﷲ فاروقی نے ہمیشہ رہنمائی حاصل کی۔احقر عمیدالرحمن عثمانی سے بڑی محبت وعقیدت رکھتے تھے کہتے تھے کہ بھئی تم تو مجاہد ہوکہ اپنے ابّاجان اور ملّت کے رہبر مفتی صاحب کی یادگار ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین اوررسالہ برہان کوقائم رکھاہوا ہے۔اﷲ تمہیں سلامت رکھے تمہارا دم بڑا غنیمت ہے۔ ذاتی معاملات میں مفتی صاحب کی وفات کے بعد بڑی مدد کی حمایت کی، بہرحال مرحوم توفیق فاروقی بڑے زندہ دل انسان تھے انہوں نے ادب و صحافت کی خدمت کی، ملک وملّت کی خدمت کی۔مسلمان عورت کواسلامی خاتون بنانے کے کاموں کوبڑی اچھی طرح انجام دیا۔اﷲ تعالیٰ غریق رحمت فرمائے اٰمین۔ ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین اوررسالہ برہان کی طرف سے احقر عمید الرحمن...
Allah Almighty has created everything in pairs. It is a scientific fact that these pairs exist in all things, in vegetable kingdom, even in inorganic matters. There is no doubt that these elements do not exist by themselves. The Holy Quran has mentioned repeatedly this fact in different verses. Marriage in Islam is a divine bond between husband and wife to enjoy the social relationship with each other and is a basic unit of Islamic family system. This article presents the structure of a Muslim Family in the light Islamic teachings.
Genome wide analysis of the genes responsible for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) or
peroxidase (POX) enzymes was performed in nine plant species namely (Carica papaya), model
plant dicot (Selaginella moellendorffi), monocot (Zea mays), legumes (pisum sativum, Vigna
angularis), cereals (Avena sativa, Setaria italic and Oryza sativa) and fruit (Morus notabilis)
species. We identified 135 PPO and 1645 POX genes in the selected plant species during the
genome wide distribution analysis. . The result showed that A.sativa and P. sativum had no PPO
genes and a few number of POX genes were found in these plants. The synteny analysis of PPO
genes in seven plant species excluding A.sativa and P.sativum revealed higher degree of
conservation, recommending that these genes occurred before monocot/ eudicot divergence. The
gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that PPO gene (Accession no DQ532396.1; 577 amino
acids) is localized maximum in chroplast (43.1%) with score of 2.156, molecular function
(47.4%), biological process (53.7%) and cellular component (13.9%). While the POX protein
(Accession no DQ855429.1; 335 amino acids) is highly founded in the extracellular part of the
cell membrane (62.2%) with score 3.108, molecular function 49.8%, biological process 50.9%
and cellular component 61.3%. Among the identified PPO and POX genes were reported to be
(91.15%) and (85.21) moderately or highly expressed. The network analysis showed that PPO
and POX genes had 21, 21 nodes, 100, 97 edges, 9.52, 9.24 average nodes and 0.876, 0.539
average local cluster coefficient respectively. The POX genes were located in sub-telomeric
section of chromosomes in the form of clusters. This study about genome-wide investigation and
consideration of gene-expression patterns generated the valuable evidence on PPO and POX
gene families that will be helpful for improving crop production in monocot or dicot plants