This dissertation investigates and describes the concept of soliton and shock formation in plasma. A rigorous theoretical investigation is made to find energy of EASWs in unmagnetized collisionless plasma. By employing reductive perturbation method, KdV equation is derived for kappa and Cairns distributed electrons. HPM technique is used to handle KdV equation. The consequences of different parameters ? (spectral index) and ? = ??/?? on soliton profile are discussed. Secondly, soliton and shock formation is studied in a magnetized rotating plasma using Cairns distribution. An admitted solitary wave solution KdV equation and an admitted travelling wave solution KdVB equation are derived. HPM technique is applied on derived KdV equation and ???ℎ-method on derived KdVB equation. It is noticed that ? = ?ℎ/??, ? = ?0?/?0ℎ affect both the soliton width and amplitude. It is also noticed that ? = ??/??, ? = ?0?/?0ℎ, kinematic viscosity and angular frequency affect the structure of shocks. Thirdly, solitons in ion-temperaturegradient (ITG) mode in a plasma are studied. Using Braginskii’s model, KdV equation in ITG mode is derived. Dependence of soliton width and amplitude on parameters ?? = ??/ ??, ? = ?? /??, and ?0 is discussed. After that, solitons formation is studied in electron-temperaturegradient (ETG) mode in a plasma. Using Braginskii’s model linear dispersion relation and KdV equation for the ETG mode are derived. It is observed that the ETG mode supports only rarefactive solitons. It is also observed that soliton profile is sensitive to ? = ??/??, ?? = ??/?? and ?0. As finding of the connection of entropy with density and temperature of plasmas gives an incitement to investigate different entropy based plasma models. Therefore, using Braginskii’s model dispersion relation and KdV for ITG mode in presence of entropy drift are derived. It is noticed only compressive solitons can be generated in this mode. It is found that entropy enhances soliton amplitude and width. It is also found that in presence of entropy drift increasing magnetic field and ion temperature enhance the soliton profile. Lastly, nonlinear dissipative one and twodimensional structures (shocks) are investigated in nonuniform magnetized plasma with respect to entropy. The dissipation comes in the medium through ion-neutral collisions. Linear dispersion relation is derived. KdVB and KPB equations are derived for nonlinear drift waves in 1-D and 2- D by employing the drift approximation. It is found that ??/? plays a significant role in the shocks formation. It is noticed that ??/? determines the rarefactive and compressive nature of the shocks. It is observed upper and lower bounds exist for the shocks velocity. It is also observed that the existing regimes for both one and two-dimensional shocks for kappa distributed electrons are different from shocks with Cairns distributed electrons. Both rarefactive and compressive shocks are found for the 1-D drift waves with kappa distributed electrons. Interestingly, it is noticed that entropy enhances the strength of one and two-dimensional shocks.
حفیظ صدیقی حفیظ صدیقی(۱۹۳۴ئ۔پ) پسرور کے گائوں برہان پور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۳ء میں گورنمنٹ جناح اسلامیہ کالج سیالکوٹ میں آپ کی بطور لیکچرار اردو تقرری ہوئی۔ ۱۹۷۳ء میں ایم۔اے او کالج لاہور میں تبادلہ ہوا۔ اس کالج سے ۱۹۹۳ء میں حفیظ سرکاری ملازمت سے ریٹائر ہوئے (۸۰۸) حفیظ صدیقی کے تمام شعری مجموعے صدیقی پبلی کیشنز لاہور سے طبع ہوئے۔ پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’لمحوں کی آگ‘‘ ۱۹۷۶ء میں شائع ہوا۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ’’پہلی رات کا چاند‘‘ ۱۹۷۸ء میں شائع ہوا۔ ’’درد کا رشتہ‘‘ ان کا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے جو ۱۹۷۸ء میں شائع ہوا۔ چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ’’لا زوال‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۹۲ء میں شائع ہوا۔’’لا مثال‘‘ ان کا پانچواں شعری مجموعہ ہے جو ۱۹۹۵ء میں طبع ہوا۔ چھٹا شعری مجموعہ ’’آنگن کا جہنم‘‘ ۱۹۷۷ء میں شائع ہوا۔ ان شعری مجموعوں کے علاوہ حفیظ کا شعری کلام پاکستان کے مختلف جرائد و رسائل میں چھپتا رہا۔ جسے مرتب کرنے کی ضرورت ہے ۔’’بارش کے پہلے قطرے‘‘ ،’’تشنہ تشنہ‘‘ ،’’خواب دیکھتے گزری‘‘ ،’’سکھ کا سراب‘‘،’’میرے سر پہ ہاتھ رکھنا‘‘،’’وہ میرے اندر ہی بس رہا ہے‘‘،اور ’’ہر موج سمندر‘‘ ان کے غیر مطبوعہ شعری مجموعے ہیں۔جوان کے لواحقین کے پاس مسودات کی صورت میں موجود ہیں ۔حفیظ صدیقی نے جب شعر کہنا شروع کیا تو وہ قیام پاکستان کے بعد کا دور تھا۔ اس وقت ترقی پسند تحریک ایک نئے دور میں داخل ہو گئی تھی۔ حفیظ کا اس تحریک سے براہ راست کوئی تعلق نہیں تھا۔ تاہم ان کی ابتدائی غزلوں میں ترقی پسند تحریک کے اثرات نظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کے ابتدائی کلام میں استحصال زدہ طبقے کے درد کی آواز سنائی دیتی ہے۔ حفیظ کی غزل میں نہ صرف روایتی انداز ہے بلکہ ان کے ہاں جدت بھی ملتی ہے۔ دھیمے لہجے میں وطن اور اپنی مٹی سے محبت کے ساتھ ساتھ خارج و باطن...
The Islamic state has certain rules for taxes to generate income, which need to be followed within Islamic premises. In Islam, Kharāj is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its product. At that time, kharaj was synonymous with jizyah, which later emerged as a per head tax paid by the dhimmis with complete ownership of all resources. Khums means " onefifth or 20%". In Islamic legal terminology, it means one-fifth of certain items that a person acquires as wealth must be paid to the Islamic State. This study is focused on the financial system of an Islamic state, its taxation and revenues.
The European laboratory for nuclear research, (CERN) is the world''s largest par- ticle physics laboratory, having complex particle accelerators and detectors. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the two general purpose detectors in- stalled at Large Hadron Collider (LHC). After the discovery of Higgs Boson at the LHC in 2012, upgrade intended towards high luminosity in order tond the new particle which is believed to greatly extend the potential to study the properties of the Higgs Boson. High Luminosity LHC (HL LHC) conditions will severely a ect the performance of the CMS muon system and other detectors, especially in the very forward region where the magneticeld is low and the particle rate is high. Research and development topics/projects proposed by the CMS GEM Collabora- tion aimed to design, develop and test GE1/1 detectors, on-odetector electronic hardware architectures and detector control system (DCS), most suited to muon end-caps upgrade. Therefore, these three topics/projects were explored during this research and development work. First project included assembly and testing of the small and large GE1/1 detec- tors. The CMS high eta region requirements for muon detector were demanding in terms of particle rates and integrated charges. Research work reported in literature indicated that the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) has relatively better capability to handle the huge particle rates. Originally it consisted of a thin composite sheet with two copper layers separated by a thin insulator and perforated by a regular matrix of holes. After extensive research and experimentation it was found out that the gain of existing GEM detector can be improved with the integration of three GEM foils in a single detector later named as Triple GEM. After several tests with small (10 X 10 cm2) and large sizes (9 X (22 - 44.5) cm2) GEM detector''s e ciency of 98% and 9 ns time resolution were achieved. For bulk production of GEM detectors, procedures and quality control steps were de ned, including gain uniformity, time resolution, spatial resolution and detector e ciency. This particular research and development work led to an on-odetector electronic hard- ware architectures development with the performance expected by the CMS GEM readout system that included timing resolution and e ciency. Sharing of data between DAQ and Detector Control System (DCS) is carried out using the Cross DAQ (xDAQ) software. The third project was aimed to develop new DCS for GE1/1 detectors. The cor- rect and safe operation of the GEM system required a sophisticated and powerful online DCS system. The GEM DCS is to monitor the detector conditions and per- formance, control and monitor all subsystems related to GEM and their electronics and store all the information in a dedicated database, called Conditional database. Therefore, the GEM DCS system has to assure the safe and correct operation of the sub-detectors during all CMS life time (more than 10 year), detect abnormal and harmful conditions and take corrective measures and automatic actions to minimize consequential damages. After an extensive research and development work a new DCS system was developed, connected with GEM detector and tested in the GEM assembly and quality assurance labs. The results obtained were saved in the conditional database for future analysis. Major challenges were to integrate di erent parts with each other and to put them in general CMS control system and linking the whole assembly to data acquisition framework. Finally, the entire research and development work led to the successful completion of design, development and testing of Triple GEM Detector''s Electronics and its Control System for CMS forward muon upgrade.