Ketoprofen granules were prepared by a relatively newer method, namely surfactant assisted wet granulation (SAWG) approach using different concentrations (1-5%) of Soluplus®, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, PEG 4000, poloxamers L6200 and L3100. The developed granule formulations were characterized for physicochemical and dissolution characteristics. FTIR examined for any drug-excipients interactions. Granule size, percent yield, bulk and tap density, Hausner’s ratio, and angle of repose of granules were found to be 571 ±0.81 µm, 93.1 ±0.84 %, 0.223 ± 0.01g/ml, 0.231 ± 0.002 g/ml, 1.098 ± 0.005, 33.81 ± 0.23º, respectively. Granules with 1% Soluplus® revealed highest solubility (3.09 mg/ml), but with 58.3% ketoprofen release until 12 h. Granules containing 5% PEG-6K demonstrated improved solubility of ketoprofen as compared to pure drug, i.e. 2.81 mg/ml vs 0.010 mg/ml. This increase in solubility was observed to be due to micellar solubilization, complex formation, or hydrogen bonding, which was supported by FTIR. All the formulations exhibited release comparable to that of USP-stipulated sustained release pattern following Weibull model (β=1.08) and showing erosion-controlled release. FTIR indicated no chemical interaction between ketoprofen and excipient in granule formulation. The SAWG successfully ameliorated ketoprofen solubility and sustained its release as well. To develop the single unit dose to achieve the better bioavailability of sustained release ketoprofen granules, matrix tablets were prepared using the defined concentration, i.e., 1%, 3% and 5% of Soluplus®, PEG-6K, PEG-4K, L6200 and L3100. The prepared ketoprofen tablets were characterized for physicochemical, in vitro dissolution, FTIR and in-vivo (human pharmacokinetic study) parameters. FTIR studies were carried out to ensure any possible ii interactions among active and other excipients. Friability, thickness, hardness, weight variation, drug content and swelling index were found to be 0.14%, 4.77mm, 7.5 kgcm-1, 401mg, 99.95% and 29.38% respectively. In-vitro dissolution revealed 60-102% release till 8h. MT2, MT13 depicted the ideal sustained release pattern till 8h, i.e., > 80% which was fitted to Weibull release model with ß value 2.57 and 1.06 respectively, indicating the complex release mechanism. FTIR evident the compatibilities of drug-excipient during compression. A tablet formulation with similar profile to that of the sustained release, MT2 was selected for pharmacokinetic study. MT16 was also selected as a control for PK parameters evaluation. MT16 promptly attained the plasma peak within 1h after administration and followed a rapid exponential decrease till 12h. MT2 as a sustained release tablet showed delayed peak plasma concentration which was maintained above 0.7-1.0 µg.ml 1 till 24h with a gradual decline. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) resulting from administration of 200 mg of MT2 was statistically lower than that of the MT16 (5.19 ± 0.66 vs 9.62±0.76 µg.ml-1, P<0.05). The time to reach Cmax (Tmax) from MT2 was delayed to 5.56±0.30 h as compared to 1.15±0.11 h of MT16. The AUC0-∞, 78.65±7.64 µg.h.ml-1, of MT2 was higher than 34.39±3.06 µg.h.ml-1 of MT16. Considering MT2 as Test and MT16 as Reference formulation, the relative bioavailability was found to be 228.89±12.578%. Clearance of drug was observed to be declined for MT2 compared to MT16 (5.855±0.539 to 2.561±0.235 L/h), a reason for sustaining drug concentration in blood beyond 24 h instead of 12 h for MT16. The delayed Tmax, decreased Cmax, increased AUC and decreased ClT, MT2 exhibited an in-vivo behavior corresponding to the sustained drug delivery system. MT2 sustained release matrix tablets depicted the therapeutic ketoprofen plasma level effectively even beyond 24h. Thus, there is a likelihood of administration of once-a-day single dose without plasma fluctuations which were expected from the administration of two doses in a day of MT16. The in-vitro characteristics, i.e., the dissolution of MT2 were predictive of the iii in-vivo profile of the drug. The IVIVC evaluation indicated a good correlation for the drug releases in-vitro and absorbed in-vivo at predicated time intervals. The SAWG successfully helped developing the swellable-erodible sustained release matrix tablet formulation of ketoprofen with desired in-vitro, biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetics properties without incorporation of any special ingredients or major manipulation of the formulation ingredients. The desired features in the present dosage form were accomplished just by surfactant-assisted granulation, thus SAWG was regarded as the simpler approach.
ڈاکٹر حافظ غلام مصطفےٰ (پروفیسر مختارالدین احمد) دوشنبہ ۲۷؍ دسمبر ۱۹۹۳ء کو حافظ غلام مصطفے سابق ریڈر شعبہ عربی مسلم یونیورسٹی طویل علالت کے بعد علی گڑھ میں وفات پاگئے۔ تدفین یونیورسٹی کے قبرستان میں عمل میں آئی۔ان کی ولادت الٰہ آباد میں ۱۹۱۹ء میں ہوئی۔ حفظ قرآن اور ابتدائی تعلیم کے بعد انھوں نے انگریزی تعلیم کی طرف توجہ کی۔ انھوں نے نجی طور پر تعلیم حاصل کرکے الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی سے بی اے، آگرہ یونیورسٹی سے اردو اور فارسی میں اور علی گڑھ سے عربی میں ایم اے کیا۔ ۱۹۵۴ء میں پروفیسر عبدالعلیم مرحوم کی صدارت کے عہد میں وہ شعبہ عربی میں لکچرر مقرر ہوئے۔ انہی کی نگرانی میں عہد جاہلی کی عربی شاعری میں مذہبی رجحانات کے موضوع پر انھوں نے ڈاکٹریٹ حاصل کی۔ کچھ دنوں کے بعد وہ ریڈر مقرر ہوئے اور ۲۵ سال شعبے میں تدریسی فرائض انجام دے کر ۱۹۷۹ء میں متقاعد ہوئے۔ ان کی مطبوعہ تصانیف حسب ذیل ہیں: (1) Religious Trend in Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry, (مطبوعہ علی گڑھ ۱۹۶۸ء) (۲) ابن الفارض: عربی صوفیانہ شاعری کی ایک منفرد شخصیت، علی گڑھ ۱۹۷۳ء۔ (۳) اخبار الکرام باخبار المسجد الحرام، مصنفہ الشیخ شہاب الدین احمد بن محمد الاسدی الملکی الشافعی (متوفی ۱۰۶۶ھ) بنارس ۱۹۷۶ء۔ ان کتابوں کے علاوہ انگریزی، عربی اور اردو میں ان کے مضامین مقتدر رسالوں میں شائع ہوئے ہیں۔ اولاد میں دو بیٹیاں اور تین بیٹے یادگار چھوڑے ہیں۔ سب تعلیم یافتہ ہیں اور برسر روزگار، صفیہ جاریہ نے علی گڑھ سے فارسی میں ایم اے اور ۱۹۷۵ء میں پی ایچ ڈی کیا ہے۔ ان کے مقالے کا عنوان تھا: ’’داستان یوسف زلیخادر شعر فارسی‘‘ فارسی زبان و ادب سے متعلق متعدد مقالات برہان، تحریر اور دوسرے رسالوں میں شائع ہوئے ہیں وہ آج کل شعبہ فارسی میں ریسرچ ایسوسیٹ ہیں۔ میمونہ جاریہ کیمیا میں ایم ایس...
Hazrat Abdul Rehman (may Allah be pleased with him) belonged to Arab tribe of Quraish and was a close relative of Mohammad (peace be upon him). At the time of conquest of Makkah He (may Allah be pleased with him) entered the circle of Islam. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the companions of Muhammad (may Allah be pleased with him) who came to sub-continent specially Balochistan in order to preach for Islam and Jihad during the Khilafat of orthodox caliphs. He (may Allah be pleased with him) came to Balochistan twice for Jihad and conquests first during the Khilafat of Hazrat Usman (may Allah be pleased with him) and second time in the early era of Hazrat Muawia (may Allah be pleased with him). He (may Allah be pleased with him) played a vital role in the wars of Balochistan. He (may Allah be pleased with him) established Zehri his abode and capital after conquering Kalat, Khuazdar (Sajistan), Kachi, Gandhava, and Chaghi, and from here he expanded the series of his conquests till Kabul and Qandar. Besides this, he included many areas of sub-continent in the Islamic empire of conquered areas. His (may Allah be pleased with him) life is consists of great chapters of sincerity in deeds. Wisdom and valor, determination fearlessness, strife, hospitality, simplicity and patience. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the great generals of Islam had the honour to have carried the message of Holy faith in every corner of Balochistan in tough and unfavorable conditions and planted the flag of Islam in Balochistan forever.
Genetic integrity of commercially important fishes is integral to sustainable fisheries. The conventional propagation practices and human interventions in the natural aquatic resources are leading to genetic degradation of fish stocks at various scales. The Chinese carps like other related species are prone to genetic deterioration that may result in perspective local extinctions. The present study evaluated the extent of genetic variability and assessed the population structure of Chinese carps viz. Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in hatchery and wild stocks in response to conventional breeding and practices human perturbations. For this, the sample of the appraisal species were collected from selected sites in different districts of Punjab. At least, thirty specimens of each species were collected from each hatchery and natural stock. The genomic DNA of good quality was isolated from the dorsal muscles of the fish. Sixteen species-specific polymorphic microsatellite markers for each species were employed to genotype the individual fish at the target loci by using PCR. For genotyping the PCR amplicons were resolved on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by gel imaging and the allelic scoring was done on manual basis. The genotypic data was subjected to rigorous analyses in different programs i.e. Popgen, FStat, TFPGA, STRUCTURE and ARLEQUIN to infer various indices of genetic variability and structuring in populations of Chinese carps. The results revealed low-to-moderate scale genetic variability in the hatchery stocks while the same was moderate-to-high in riverine stocks for both the species. In the hatchery populations of Silver Carp, a total of 77 different alleles varied from 2 to 12 across all the loci. The level of average observed heterozygosity was low-to-moderate and varied from 0.3771 to a maximum of 0.5874 in the hatchery stocks while the same ranged between 0.50 and 0.6354 for wild populations. Most of the hatcheries showed heterozygote deficit. The average values of inbreeding coefficient varied from 0.174 to 0.441 with negative values for some hatcheries indicating possible outbreeding. The corresponding values of observed heterozygosity were higher for the riverine stocks. The AMOVA reveled significant genetic structuring both in hatchery and riverine populations of Silver Carp. The UPGMA dendrogram showed the populations clustering irrespective of their geographical proximities. In the populations of Grass Carp, the allelic number ranged from 4 to 15 across all the loci. In the hatcheries, the values of average observed heterozygosity varied between 0.4583 to a maximum of 0.6104. The corresponding values for riverine stocks were found to vary from 0.4791 to 0.6354. The inbreeding coefficient varied between 0.2632 - 0.4651 for hatcheries and 0.2909 - 0.3438 for the riverine populations of Grass Carp. Like Silver Carp, the negative values in several populations of Grass Carp revealed possible outbreeding/crossbreeding. Out of 128 tests, 88 deviated from HWE significantly in all the hatchery populations and the same was 58 for riverine stocks of Grass Carp. The results of AMOVA indicated that most of the variation existed at the intra-population level, pointing out significant genetic structuring in the hatchery as well riverine populations. The UPGMA dendrograms did not follow the geographical patterns of the Grass Carp populations showing human mediated/restricted gene flow. Overall, both the Chinese carps underwent loss of alleles as compared to the native populations. The population structure of the species has been shaped by the hydrographic and anthropogenic factors. Incorporating the current information on genetic structure of the species could be helpful for effective management and conservation of Chinese carps in Pakistan