Densities of seven drugs Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC), Losartan Potassiun (LP), Chlorpheniramine Maleate (CPAM), Metformin Hydrochloride (MHCl), Sodium Valporate (SV), Levofloxacin (LF) and Chloramphenicol (CP) were measured at four different temperatures (288 K to 318 K) in water and organic solvent (ethanol for all drugs except MHCl for which methanol was used). From these values of density, apparent molar volumes (Vf) were calculated which were used to find partial molar volume (V°f), semi empirical parameter (Sv), Hepler’s constant, partial molar expansivity (E°2) and isobaric thermal expansion coefficient (a2). Viscosities of drugs solutions in water and ethanol solvents were determined at four different temperatures i.e. 288K to 318K. These values were used to calculate the constants of Jones-Dole equation. Different thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy of activation of solution (ΔG#2), molar activation enthalpy (ΔH#2) and molar activation entropy (ΔS#2) of viscous flow were calculated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of six drugs was calculated in aqueous and ethanolic media (except MHCl for which methanol solvent was used) at four different temperatures (288 K to 318 K) by using electrical conductivity, surface tension and refractive index measurements. From conductometric measurements degree of ionization (b), degree of counterion binding (a), enthalpy of micellization (ΔH°m), free energy of micellization (ΔG°m) and entropy of micellization (ΔS°m) were calculated. From surface tension values surface excess concentration (Г2), minimum area per molecule (A) and free energy of adsorption (ΔG°ads) were calculated. The interaction of two surfactants SDS and CTAB with six drugs was studied at one temperature (298 K) in aqueous solution using UV/Visible spectroscopy and electrical conductivity. Measurements of UV/Visible spectroscopy were used to calculate partition coefficient (Kx), standard free energy of partition (ΔGp), binding constant (Kb) and standard free energy of binding (ΔGb). The effect of three amino acids i.e. glycine, L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine on CMC of five drugs were studied in aqueous solution at one temperature using electrical conductivity measurements which are useful to understand the solubilization of amino acids into the micelles of drugs. The determination of apparent molar volumes, partial molar volumes and other related parameters and constants of Jones-Dole equation is carried out to find the types of interaction of drugs with solvent. Another purpose of this study is to find same trend for effect of drugs on solvent from volumetric and viscometric study. Decrease in apparent molar volume with concentration in both solvents shows solvophobic interaction of all drugs with solvents. Values of partial molar volumes of these drugs are lower in aqueous medium than in alcoholic due to greater polarity of water. Sv is found to be negative for drugs showing weak solute-solute interaction except CPAM. Positive value of Hepler’s constant shows structure promoting effect of drugs on solvent except CPAM in ethanol. B-coefficient of Jones-Dole equation is positive representing strong solute- solvent interaction. ΔG#2 is positive and higher than ΔG#1 representing structure promoting effect and stronger solute-solvent interaction in ground than in transition state. Positive value of ΔH#2 means that the process of transition state formation is endothermic. From the values of Hepler’s constant and B-coefficient the order of hydrophobic interaction in aqueous medium was found to be in same order which is BAC > LP > CPAM > SV > MHCl In case of alcoholic solution the order of solvophobic interaction is also same as determined by viscometric and volumetric study which is MHCl > LF > CP > BAC > SV > CPAM The determination of CMC at different temperatures is carried out to get thermodynamic and other related parameters which are very useful to understand micellization process and the effect of presence of drug on solution. Values of surface excess concentration for all drugs show higher drug concentration at solution-air interface than in bulk of solution phase. ΔG°ads has more negative value than ΔG°m representing that the adsorption of drug molecules at surface is more spontaneous than micellization. ΔH°m is negative, showing micellization is exothermic while for SV in ethanolic solution and for CPAM and LP in both solvents it is positive. Positive ΔS°m represents that the micellization process results in increase in entropy of solution. The same type of behaviour is reported in literature for different amphiphilic drugs e.g. Chloroquine Diphosphate, Citalopram HBr.
ورفعنا کی صدا محمد اویس ازہر مدنی عشقِ احمدؐ کی ضیا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا دلِ عرفاں کی صدا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا قدسیوں کی بھی ندا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا سرورِ دیںؐ کی ثنا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا کس کو معلوم ہوئی رفعتِ سرکارِ جناںؐ کون جانے گا کہ کیا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا پڑھ کے ملتا ہے سکونِ دل و جاں قاری کو قلبِ عاشق کی نوا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا مدحتِ سرورِ عالمؐ ہے ہر اک پر لازم اک فریضے کی ادا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا جاں گزیں کرتی ہے دل میں شہِ دیںؐ کی الفت مرے آقاؐ کی ولا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا خود سے اک لفظ بھی لکھا نہیں جا سکتا تھا مرے مولیٰ کی عطا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا بخش دیتی ہے تر و تازگی ایمان کو بھی خلد کی آب و ہوا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا ہے یہ گنجینئہ عشقِ شہِ والاؐ ازہر بالیقیں دولتِ ما ہے ورفعنا کی صدا
Hazrat Sayyedna Adam (A.S) was the first man and the first prophet. Both Quran and Bible reveal that he was made from clay and was housed in Heavens. There was a most complete freedom for Sayyedna Adam (A.S) except of going near a forbidden tree. Iblees conducted an evil plan and tempted him to taste the fruit of the tree. This let to his descent on Earth. This study attempts to make a comparative analysis of Hazrat Sayyedna Adam (A.S)‘s Incident as mentioned in the Quran and the Bible.
In wireless cognitive radio networks, natural antagonism arises among unlicensed users when nodes opportunistically compete for unused frequency bands and the operations are seriously hampered by acute scarcity of resources. The transmitted power, which is inherently pertinent to the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, cog- nition methodology, and lack of central management, must be preserved for longer network lifetime. In the midst of this struggle to acquire desired frequency band, where the performance of the entire network is dependent upon the behavior and etiquette exhibited by individual nodes, it is pivotal to introduce an e ective cooper- ation mechanism in order to improve the vital network parameters. In this work, we employ the concepts of game theory to develop an e cient and sustainable coopera- tion mechanism for e cient cognition and improved spectrum utilization. Instead of focusing merely on the interference a user observes, cooperation is ensured by taking into consideration the amount of interference a user creates for other network users. With the introduction of unlicensed users in licensed bands, the operations and interests of licensed users need to be protected, hence the spectrum owners are given an advantage and control over the multiple access policy. We address the problems in spectrum access and channel selection equilibrium in a leader-follower setup. In contrast to the game formulations that lack e cient power and pricing schemes, we present a cooperative Stackelberg potential game for cognitive players. A dynamic cost function is articulated to induce awareness in players to mitigate the e ects of sel sh choices in spectrum access while at the same time steer the distributive network towards achieving Nash equilibrium. The proposed scheme is mutually bene cial for i ii all players and focuses on improving the network performance and power e ciency. We design the network potential function such that the nodes have performance based incentives to cooperate and achieve a Nash equilibrium solution for e cient channel acquisition and capacity. Simulation results show fast convergence in channel selection strategies and increase in capacity for the entire network. In order to avoid anarchy in this uncontrolled and sometimes hostile environment, it is important to inhibit the nodes in making potentially risky decisions that may eventually jeopardize the stability and performance of the entire network. We present a game theoretic approach to combat the e ects of uncontrolled and sel sh behav- ior exhibited by cognitive network nodes. A sustainable solution is proposed that employs nonlinear learning in conjunction with potential function to alleviate the im- plications of disruptive behavior that is usually demonstrated in the access of scarce spectrum resources. The regret information in decision making is exploited along with history statistics to minimize information exchange and achieve swift convergence of strategies. Moreover, incorporating learning allows the cognitive players to select the channels in a simultaneous fashion instead of waiting for their turns to change their channel choices. This considerably reduces the delay in achieving network stability.