Multiple decision-making models are undertaking the complexity of the organizations with measurable mathematical models may be very hard, particularly when there is an absence of numerical data. The idea of fuzzy set was presented by Zadeh (Zadeh, 1975). Fuzzy set theory has been applied in many fields such as, homoeopathic judgment, computer science, fuzzy algebra and decision-making problems. In real life, there are a measure of decision problems in which rank relations occur between different criteria, for example, when we buy an air ticket for traveling by considering the criteria such as "safety", "price" and "quality of service". Obviously, "safety" is with the highest priority compared with the others. Therefor in Atanassov (Atanassov, 1986) introduction the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and considered the degree of membership as well as the degree of non-membership function. The situation of manufacture with indecision in real world problems has been a tough research that has produced unlike administrations and theories. Fuzzy decision making by their extensions have providing an extensive variety of tools that are bright to contract with indecision in dissimilar types of problems. Fuzzy decision-making methods have become slowly popular in decision making for personnel selection. According to Liang et al. (Liang, 2017), inadequate opinions are then finished with data vaccinated from reliable experts. In adding with respect to Liang et al. (Liang, 2017), such thoughts are more adapted by simulating their evolution due to social influence. It is also demonstrated that, under certain assumptions, the development of feelings due to effect joins to a final collective opinion. Cubic sets were introduced by Jun et al. (Jun, 2012), are the generalizations of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, in which there are two representations, one is used for the degree of membership and other is used for the non-membership. The membership function is hold in the form of interval while non-membership over the normal fuzzy set. This thesis consists of ten chapters. In chapter one, we present some basic definitions and results which are directly used in our work. Here we discussed Fuzzy set, interval-valued fuzzy set, Intuitionistic fuzzy set, triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number, trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy number, intuitionistic linguistic fuzzy set, hesitant fuzzy set and cubic set. In chapter 2, we present a new idea of cubic TOPSIS method with complete explanation providing in the form of different examples. We existing a new idea of cubic grey analysis set and proposed CF-MAGDM Model. In chapter 3, we introduce some basic concepts and operation laws related to triangular cubic fuzzy numbers and crisp weighted possibility means are defined. We developed weighted average operator of TCFNs and hamming distance of the TCFN are defined. We develop an MCDM method approach based on an extended VIKOR method using TCFNS; MCDM method using TCFN’s are developed. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the developed approach. We discuss in comparison analyses. In chapter 4, we define some new concepts comprising the definition, operations, crisp weighted possibility means and hamming distance of the trapezoidal cubic fuzzy numbers (TrCFNs). In Section 4, we develop a MAGDM approach based on an extended VIKOR method using trapezoidal cubic fuzzy numbers (TrCFNs). We discuss implementation of the solution methodology to solve the PLS problem. A discussion of the obtained results and sensitivity analysis are also included in this section. In chapter 5, we present some Einstein operations on cubic fuzzy sets (CFSs) and analysis some desirable properties of the proposed operations. We first develop some novel arithmetic averaging operators, such as the cubic fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (CFEWA) operator, cubic fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted averaging (CFEOWA) operator and cubic fuzzy Einstein hybrid weighted averaging (CFEHWA) operator, for aggregating a collection of cubic fuzzy numbers (CFNs). We apply the CFEHWA operator to multiple attribute decision making (MADM) with cubic fuzzy material. Gives a numerical example according to our approach. In chapter 6, we discuss the trapezoidal cubic fuzzy number (TrCFN) and operational laws. We present some Einstein operations on trapezoidal cubic fuzzy sets (TrCFSs) and analysis some desirable properties of the proposed operations. We first develop some novel arithmetic averaging operators, such as the trapezoidal cubic fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (TrCFEWA) operator, trapezoidal cubic fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted averaging (TrCFEOWA) operator and trapezoidal cubic fuzzy Einstein hybrid weighted averaging (TrCFEHWA) operator, for aggregating a collection of trapezoidal cubic fuzzy numbers (TrCFNs). We apply the TrCFEHWA operator to multiple attribute decision making (MADM) with trapezoidal cubic fuzzy material. Gives a numerical example according to our approach. We discuss comparison analysis. In chapter 7, we present the definition and operational laws of CFLSs. The score function, accuracy function, and certainty function for CFLV are also defined and thereby a lexicographer method is established to rank the CFLVs. Three kinds of cubic fuzzy linguistic arithmetic aggregation operators are defined and their required properties are deliberated in detail. Two decision methods for MAGDM problems with CFLVs are proposed. An example of investment choice and comparison analysis is given. In chapter 8, we exhibit of triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy sets and triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy elements. We exhibit a series of aggregation operators for triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy information and watch the associations among these aggregation operators. We develop an approach to group decision makings with triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy data. The application of the developed approach in group decision-making problems is shown by an illustrative example. Results and discussion are defined. In chapter 9, we exhibit a series of aggregation operators for triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy information and watch the associations among these aggregation operators. Develops an approach to group decision makings with triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy data. The application of the developed approach in group decisionmaking problems is shown by an illustrative example. We propose the comparison method. In chapter 10, we develop trapezoidal cubic hesitant fuzzy number and operational laws. We propose trapezoidal cubic hesitant fuzzy TOPSIS method. A numerical example of the proposed model is presented. We discuss comparison to different method.
بقول علامہ مرحوم، مولانا حالی کے بعد کسی نے سننے کے لائق کچھ کہا ہے، تو وہ مولوی محمد اسمٰعیل صاحب میرٹھی ہیں، افسوس کہ دوسرا حالی بھی اس مہینہ ہماری دنیا سے رخصت ہوگیا، مرحوم کا سہل و رواں کلام ہمارے بچوں کا ابتدائی سبق تھا، وہ اپنی پیرانہ سالی کی مرتعش زبان سے چھوٹے چھوٹے بچوں کو اس پیار سے سمجھاتے تھے کہ وہ نصیحت کی گرانباری کو کھلونا سمجھ کر اٹھا لیتے تھے، افسوس کہ یہ کھلونے بنانے والا بھی اب نہ رہا، سرکاری خدمت سے گوشہ نشین ہوکر وہ ہمہ تن علمی خدمات میں مصروف ہوگئے تھے، تدوین کلام خسرو کے سلسلہ میں قران السعدین کی تقریظ و تحشیہ سے فارغ ہوکر حیات خسرو کی ترتیب میں مصروف تھے، اس کے علاوہ قواعد اردو اور لغات اردو کی تکمیل کا کام شروع ہورہا تھا، جو افسوس کہ ناتمام رہا، میرٹھ میں ایک مدرسہ بنات المسلمین بھی آپ کے اعمال حسنہ کی یادگار ہے۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۱۷ء)
Foreign Exchange trading is when you buy and sell foreign currencies to generate profit. In our age of advance technology even the virtual or digital currencies have now emerged. This entire business however is mostly based upon speculation and prediction. Even the most skilled and experienced traders face difficulty in predicting movements in currencies. Further, the value of not well established currencies can fluctuate or its exchange rate value can change any time. In view of occupying central place in the economic systems down the ages, Muslim scholars have also vehemently discussed currency, its significanc and matters relating to it in transactions. The present article reviews trading of foreign currencies from Islamic perspective in a situation when no cash is involved in the transaction. The article concludes that as the currencies in such transactions are different commodities, therefore their trade is legal.
Nanobiotechnology and green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) are novel and efficient alternatives for synthesis of metal NPs using extracts of medicinal plants. Arisaema jacquemontii (family: Araceae), Hedera nepalensis (family: Araliaceae) and Valariana jatamansi (family: Valerianaceae) are important medicinal plants of Himalayas and Kashmir. A. jacquemontii has anti-proliferative property and is traditionally used as snakebite antidote, ringworm killer and to treat skin diseases. Leaf juice of H. nepalensis is given in dyspepsia and leaves paste is applied on ulcers. V. jatamansi is used as tranquilliser, carminative, anti-inflammatory, expectorant and muscle relaxant. The aim of the present study was to investigate the green synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) and pharmacological evaluation of the three plants. Methanolic extract solution (50mg/100ml de-ionized water) of selected parts of the test plants was used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methanolic extract was mixed with gold chloride (AuCl3) solution (0.1 mM concentration) in 3:1 ratios to produce AuNPs from A. jacquemontii tuber and 4:1 ratios for AuNPs from the rest of the samples. To synthesize AgNPs from tubers, 0.1mM AgNO3 was mixed with extract at 1:5 ratios. AgNPs were formed from H. nepalensis stem and leaves at 1:5 and 1:2 ratios respectively. AgNPs of V. jatamansi root and shoot were synthesized at 1:10 and 1:5 ratios respectively. Preliminary observation of synthesis of NPs was carried out by visual detection of color change from light yellow to dark purple and dark yellow/brown for AuNPs and AgNPs synthesis respectively. UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis further confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs by showing SPR peak in 400-500nm and 500-600nm range respectively. Temperature and salt stability studies of AgNPs and AuNPs revealed the stability of NPs at 20-40°C temperature and at milimolar salt concentration. FTIR confirmed the involvement of mainly carboxylic acid/phenol, tertiary alcohol, alkene, alkane and alcohol of plant extracts in reduction of Au-metal to form AuNPs. XRD analysis revealed that all AuNPs were crystalline in nature and the average nanocrystallite size for AuNPs synthesized from all three test plants was in the range of 6.23nm-10.92nm. Crystals were cubic in nature. SEM analysis revealed average size of 36nm, 32nm, 29nm, 25nm and 24nm for tubers, stem, leaves, root and shoot nanosphere AuNPs. According to XRD data, synthesized AgNPs were mainly crystalline in nature. SEM results reported size of synthesized AgNPs in 30nm-49nm range. AgNPs of all the samples were spherical in shape. FTIR analysis revealed the involvement of mainly alkenes, carboxylic acids, ether and aromatic ring (aryl) groups in reduction of Ag-metal. Overall among all the tested microbes, P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive microbe (62-88% growth inhibition) followed by C. albicans (59-82% growth inhibition). The most resistant bacterium was K. pneumonia (35-47% growth inhibition). V. jatamansi showed better antimicrobial activities than the other two tested plant species. AgNPs reported greater antimicrobial activity than AuNPs. Among all the tested extracts, generally, n-butanol fractions and methanolic crude extracts showed higher antioxidant activity. NPs also reported their antioxidant potential. Phytochemical screening of extracts indicated the presence of several bioactive compounds in the extract including flavonoids, sterols, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and oils in different extracts of different parts of all the three test plant species. On the basis of these results it is evident that all the three plants can be used for stable and active NPs synthesis that posses antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Extracts of test plants also revealed antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant properties due to the presence of bioactive compounds in it.