In this thesis some results regarding the flow behavior of second grade fluid with fractional derivatives and ordinary Oldroyd-B fluid under different circumstances have been studied. Firstly, some basic concepts regarding fluid motion and integral trans- forms have been discussed. Then the fluid motion of fractional second grade and ordinary Oldroyd-B fluids through a cylinder and annulus is studied. In chapter 2, the motion of fractional second grade fluid through an infinite cir- cular cylinder has been studied. After time t = 0+ the fluid motion is produced by rotating the circular cylinder about its axis. Laplace and finite Hankel transforms are used to find exact solutions. The similar solutions for Newtonian and ordinary second grade fluids are obtained as limiting cases of general solutions by making κ → 1 and α1 → 0, respectively κ → 1 . Chapter 3 intends to establish exact solutions for the unsteady flow of a fractional second grade fluid between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders. The general expres- sions for velocity and shear stress are obtained by using Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. The motion of the fluid is produced by the inner cylinder which is ro- tating around its axis due to a time-dependent torque per unit length 2πR1 at2 . The solutions that have been obtained satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. For κ → 1, respectively κ → 1 and α1 → 0, the corresponding solutions for ordinary second grade and Newtonian fluids, performing the same motion, are obtained as limiting cases. In chapter 4 the unsteady helical flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid through an infinite circular cylinder is studied. The motion of the fluid is produced by cylinder that, after time t = 0+ , is subject to both torsional and longitudinal time dependent shear stresses. The general solutions are presented in series form in terms of Bessel functions J0 (•), J1 (•) and J2 (•), and satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. The corresponding solutions for Newtonian, second grade and Maxwell fluids are obtained as limiting cases of general solutions. Finally, the obtained solutions are compared by graphical illustrations and the influence of material parameters on the fluid motion is also underlined. Chapter 5 concerns with the unsteady Taylor-Couette flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid in an annulus due to a time-dependent torque applied to the inner cylinder. Motion is studied by means of finite Hankel transforms. The exact solutions are presented in series form in terms of usual Bessel functions, satisfy both the governing equations, and all imposed initial and boundary conditions. Similar solutions for Newtonian, second grade and Maxwell fluids performing the same motion are obtained as limit- ing cases of general solution. Finally, some characteristics of the fluid motion, as well as the influence of pertinent parameters on the behavior of the fluid motion, analyzed by graphs.
روحانیت، باطنیت، سریت یا تصوف کی اصطلاحیں عموماً ایک ایسے مخفی نظام کو بیان کرنے کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی ہیں جو مادی دنیا سے مختلف ہوتے ہوئے بھی اپنا تعلق اس سے جوڑے رکھتا ہے۔ یہودیت کا روحانی نظام بھی کم و بیش انہیں صفات کا حامل ہے۔ خدا سے تعلق، تخلیقِ کائنات پر گفتگو اور مقدس کتب کے روحانی معانی کی تلاش ایک یہودی صوفی کا نصب العین ہے۔ یہودیت کے روحانی ادوار کو زمانی اعتبار سے چار حصوں میں تقسیم کیا جا سکتا ہے:
بائیبل کا دور جس میں روحانی نظریات اور تحریکیں تو دکھائی نہیں دیتیں لیکن اس دور کے مذہبی تجربات نے بعد میں آنے والے صوفیا کو روحانیت سے روشناس کروایا۔
ہیکل کی دوسری تباہی کا دور جس میں ایسے روحانی نظریات وجود پانے لگے تھے جن کی بنیاد مذہب پر رکھنے کی کوشش کی جا رہی تھی۔
قبالہ کا دور جس میں منظم انداز میں روحانی تعلیمات کو بحیثیتِ مجموعی بیان کیا جا رہا تھا۔
حسیدی دور جس میں روحانیت سے نئے مذہبی محسوسات نے جنم لیا۔[1]
یہودی روحانیت میں زیادہ تر مذہبی تجربات کی کوئی عقلی توجیہ پیش کرنے کی ضرورت نہیں سمجھی جاتی کیونکہ یہ خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ ان تجربات تک عقل کی رسائی ممکن نہیں ہے۔ اس کا یہ مطلب بھی نہیں ہے کہ یہ تجربات...
This research aims to investigate the association of gender dissimilarities and job satisfaction among employees working in public sector Universities. Structural equation modeling approach using Smart PLS is employed to test hypotheses on 410 samples of university officers. The findings reveal that the gender differences have positive relationship with employee job satisfaction. Moreover, there are various factors alike organizational commitment, working conditions which are not considered in this research. Furthermore, current research has stressed on the significance of HR practices in public sector universities to manage diversity. The research implications suggest that authorities relating to public sector universities private banking sector of Pakistan needs to pay attention on rewards and recognition activities as employees expect rewards according to their efforts.
This research is a case study on the role of head teacher in promoting teacher participation in school-based decision-making (SBDM). The study was conducted in a government secondary school in Karachi, Pakistan. The ultimate purpose of this study was to investigate the role of head teacher in involving teachers' in SBDM. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and document analysis. Findings of this study reveal that the head teacher has played a significant role in promoting teacher participation in SBDM. She has employed different ways and strategies, through which the teachers' participation in decision-making was ensured. For instance, teachers' participation in decision-making through different curricular and co-curricular committees, establishment of a mechanism of rewarding the best teachers, and motivating teachers' through verbal appreciation on the occasions of staff meetings and school functions, are some of the strategies of head teacher to involve teachers in SBDM. Data have indicated that because of head teacher's efforts of promoting teacher participation in SBDM, the school has been able to launch several important school improvement initiatives such as: enrichment of curriculum, teachers' professional development, launching English medium classes, provision of more physical facilities in school by involving parents, introducing innovative teaching strategies in class. These are some of the indicators of change towards school improvement. Data show that the head teacher's role is not restricted to a particular style of leadership; rather she plays a multi-faceted role in her school in order to promote teacher participation in SBDM. For instance, she plays the role of a pedagogical leader, a visionary leader, and most significantly of a leader who believes in distribution of power among teachers. However, the findings reveal that the major role that the head teacher plays is that of a facilitator. It is also evident from the findings that teacher involvement in decision-making has promoted among the teachers, a sense of ownership, professionalism, and self-esteem, which in turn has led the school towards effectiveness. The findings of this study challenge the general perception about the failure of government schools in Pakistan because of the hierarchical centralized mechanism. The data indicate that this perception cannot be generalized to all government schools. The case study school confirms that the government school head teachers' can make a difference in terms of classroom teaching and learning, even within the jurisdiction of government educational policies and prescribed curriculum. However, it is evident from the data