حوالہ کا فقہی تصور اور اس کی جدید صورتیں

This article is divided in to two sections: the first one; is to study of Ḥawāla according to Fiqhi rules, i.e. Its definition, conditions, its qualities and its specifications. In the second part, Ḥawāla is discussed according to application of the Bank, and its practical forms in different institutions. Ḥawāla is a contract in which a party or a person transfers his debt from his risk to another party or another person. Ḥawāla is used for different purposes, for example, bill of exchange, Financial Papers and different Banking accounts. This paper also discusses the difference between Ḥawāla and wakālah, Ḥawāla and Kafāla, and also Ḥawāla and Debt. Therefore, analysis, about Ḥawāla is very essential and many studies have been done on it. Furthermore, it will also critically provide their textual evidence and rational arguments in order to reach a financial juristic judgment. Ḥawāla is used in credit card, discounting of bill of exchange, etc. At the end the paper discusses its conclusion and offers some requests and suggestions.

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Isis : Major Power Politics in Middle East 2006-2016

The rise of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the conflict stricken region of Middle East constituted a direct challenge to the states, regional and extra-regional, involved. Most significantly, the active and competent power relationship between U.S with Saudi Arab and between Iran and Russia generates a dynamic pattern of conflict and cooperation in the Middle Eastern geo-political landscape, based on the convergence and divergence of tangible as well as intangible national interests between them. The rise of ISIS in Middle East also challenged the War on Terrorism under U.S and its allies and Russia and Iran‘s foreign policy ambitions that focus on eliminating terrorism from the region. This research study is designed to understand impact of emergence of a common enemy for the primary regional and transregional states that are woven in the patterns of conflict and cooperation amongst them. It would attempt to analyze that how U.S., Saudi Arab, Iran and Russia are executing their policies in Middle Eastern region to eliminate ISIS and how it is affecting the relationship they share and it impact over the , keeping in view their foreign policy stances in difference conflicts. This research study garnered and analyzed the primary resources from official statements of U.S., Saudi Arab‘s, Iranian and Russian foreign policy mechanisms. It too discussed in what ways these regional powers viewed the ISIS and how ISIS posed a threat to them. Furthermore, this research study focused on understanding the patterns of struggle, competition in addition to the co-operation within the members of a group and between the two groups who have the capacity to influence the power politics in Middle East. There are several theories in international relations that provide a background for studying different global phenomena. In most of the research studies, liberalist and realist paradigms dominates the research studies of International Relations. In addition to that, the research studies that deal with conflict usually utilize conflict and conflict resolution‘s theories and models to understand the modes of conflicts in International Relations. This research study, however, provides a new dimension to understand the core patterns of Major power politics through the theoretical framework provided by Realistic Conflict Group Theory to broaden the horizon of studies related to Major Powers and their foreign policy attributes while keeping in view their national interests and ambitions. Realistic Conflict Group Theory provides a comprehensive approach to generate an understanding how different actors work. Unlike liberalist or realist paradigms that specifically focus upon providing the state behavior through the prism of cooperation and competition respectively, Realistic conflict group theory posits that states tend to indulge in the both mechanisms of cooperation and competition simultaneously thus emerging into in-groups and out-groups based on the level of cooperation and competition that exists between them. This research study thus developed two in-groups which consist of U.S and Saudi Arab in one group whereas Iran and U.S. into another group. This research study thus studied the role of both in-groups towards each other while countering the ISIS, a common threat to the both in-groups. This research study thus reached to the conclusion that, states do possess the sense of prejudices towards other states, as posits by Realistic Conflict Group Theory. Moreover, the rivalry amongst both groups based on the scarcity of tangible as well as intangible resources eventually forced them to indulge in competition towards each other. This research study thus highlighted that the competition and conflict amongst these ingroups contributed in strengthening of the ISIS in the region, and served as a huge factor along with other regional dynamics. This research study thus recommended that these ingroups are required to develop a framework of mechanism to eliminate their common enemy and threat that is ISIS.