محمد الدین فوق (۱۸۷۷ء) کوٹلی ہر نرائن سیالکوٹ پیدا ہوئے۔ فوقؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ فوق بڑے ذہین تھے۔ طالب علمی کے زمانہ میں نظیر اکبر آبادی کی ایک مشہور نظم ’’کیا خوب سودا نقد ہے‘ اس ہاتھ دے اس ہاتھ لے‘‘ کا فارسی نظم میں ترجمہ کیا۔ فوق فطری شاعر تھے اور بچپن سے ہی موزوں طبع تھے۔ فوق نے ۱۸۹۲ء میں شعر کہنے شروع کئے۔(۱۶۰)
ان کا ایک ایک شعر وطن(کشمیر) کی محبت اور اسلام کے درد میں ڈوبا ہوا ہے۔ فوق پہلے شاعر ہیں جنہوں نے مستقل طور پر مسلمانِ کشمیر کی ترجمانی کرتے ہوئے دنیا کو ان کی مظلومیت سے آگاہ کیا۔
آپ کی شاعری کا مقصد مسلمانوں کی اصلاح بھی تھا۔ اقبال نے ’’شکوہ‘‘ اور ’’جواب شکوہ‘‘ نظمیں لکھی ہیں۔ فوق نے بھی اسی طرح ’’بڈ شاہ کی روح سے خطاب‘‘ نظم میں کشمیریوں کی زبوں حالی کا اسی لہجہ میں رونا رویا ہے۔ فوق غزل میں داغ دہلوی اور قومی نظموں میں علامہ اقبال سے متاثر تھے۔ فوق کا شعری کلام ہندوستان کے معروف رسائل میں چھپتا رہا۔آپ کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’کلامِ فوق‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۰۹ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعے کے دو حصے ہیں۔ پہلے حصے میں ۱۸۹۵ء سے ۱۹۰۱ء تک کا کلام ہے اس حصے میں غزلیں زیادہ ہیں۔ دوسرا حصہ ۱۹۰۲ء سے ۱۹۰۹ء تک کے کلام پر محیط ہے۔ اس حصے میں نظموں کی تعداد بھی خاصی ہے۔ کلامِ فوق کا دوسرا ایڈیشن ۱۹۳۳ء میں شائع ہوا اس کی ضخامت ۱۴۰ صفحات سے بڑھ کر ۲۴۰ صفحات تک پہنچ گئی ہے۔ اس میں پروفیسر علم الدین کا مفصل دیباچہ بھی شامل ہے۔ فوق کا دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’نغمہ و گلزار‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۴۱ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس کی ضخامت ۱۸۴ صفحات ہے اس کا دیباچہ مولانا عبد اﷲ قریشی نے لکھا ہے۔
اگر فوق کی شاعری کا مطالعہ کیا جائے تو راکھ کے ڈھیروں...
This research paper focuses on socio-economic conditions of home-based working women in Hyderabad Division, of Sindh Pakistan. Main objectives of this research are (i) to analyze the Socio-economic condition of home-based working women (ii) to assess the poverty and home-based work (iii) to find out the illiteracy and home-based work (iv) to investigate the role of handicrafts and home-based work in cultural and economic development (v) to unearth the Sindhi culture of handicrafts in Hyderabad Division. To achieve research objectives qualitative research approach is adopted and data is collected by four case studies in Hyderabad division. All cases are selected randomly and analyzed by using thematic analysis method. Present study concluded that researched area is rich in handicrafts business. Women engaged themselves in home-based work due to poverty, unemployment and poor financial conditions of their families. This business has very low profit but female preferred this work due less skills and education required to carry handicrafts business. Home-based workers felt empowered due to having their own income and took part in decision making. In last it is recommended for policy makers and government agencies to give priority to this business because it has potential. It is necessary for economic development of families, culture and country.
Ornamental bulbous plants have great value in the world floriculture industry and gladiolus possesses prominent position among them. Gladiolus plant is mainly grown for its flower spike but it can be used as an bedding and potting plant. The increase in demand of its spikes needs continuous cultivation to meet the market demands throughout the year but occurrence of dormancy in corms limits its cultivation to only one growing season in a year. Various chemicals were used to break corms dormancy and their effect on corm health was also studied. The effect of important factors which affects the breaking of corm dormancy including corm source, scales and varieties was studied. Among treatments the soaking of dormant corms in different concentrations of methanol in combination with plant growth regulators (gibberellic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and indole acetic acid) was effective to break corm dormancy rather than individual application of chemicals. The descaled corms responded better to application of chemicals than the scaled ones. In another set of chemical treatments, the combined application of gibberellic acid with benzylaminopurine enhanced their effect to get the maximum germination percentage under controlled conditions of temperature at 26 o C in complete darkness. The combination of gibberellic acid with benzylaminopurine was found the best from the initial experiments and this combination was used to break corm dormancy under field conditions. The germination percentage increased as the concentration of gibberellic acid in combination with benzylaminopurine increased. The chemical analysis of treated and non treated corms revealed that there was maximum increase in total soluble sugars (6.98mg/g), gibberellic acid content (112.80ηg/g) and decrease in starch content (22.25mg/g), total phenolic content (91.57μg/g) and abscisic acid (27.32ηg/g) was recorded in treated corms. In the second part of the study, foliar application of gibberellic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and salicylic acid was done at three different stages of growth of gladiolus plants. The plants which received foliar application of gibberellic acid showed an improvement in their vegetative characters i.e. the maximum increase in plant height (122.14cm), spike length (58.41cm), number of florets (13.49), corm diameter (4.43 cm), corm weight (25.34g), number of cormels plant-1(75.64), cormel weight plant-1(20.45 g), and also the chemical constituents of leaves including, chlorophyll content (7.72mg/g), total carotenoids (1.61mg/g), total soluble sugars (3.68mg/g), nitrogen (1.52%), phosphorus (0.28%) and potassium (0.64%). Whereas benzylaminopurine application increased the spike diameter (7.23 mm) and salicylic acid application acted to decrease the number of days to flower (64.93) and total phenolic content (0.62mg/g) of leaf compared to control plants. The foliar application of polyamines (putrescine and spermine) and vitamins (ascorbic acid and thiamine) at 0.1, 0.4, 0.7 and 1mM concentrations improved the morphological and physiological parameters. Putrescine application at 1mM concentration resulted in increased morphological parameters, the plant height (107.85cm), spike length (53.19cm), spike diameter (7.53 mm), florets spike-1(13.99), 1st floret diameter (9.66 cm), floret weight (4.90g), corm diameter (4.57cm) corm weight (26.16g), cormels plant-1(80.86), cormel weight (23.03g) and also improved the physiological attributes like chlorophyll content(8.06mg/g), total carotenoids (1.66mg/g), total phenolic content (0.89mg/g), total soluble sugars (4.75mg/g), nitrogen (1.42%), phosphorus (0.27%) and potassium (0.84%). Thus foliar application of gibberellic acid and putrescine is helpful to improve the economically valuable characteristics of gladiolus plant which may helpful for gladiolus growers to fetch more price in the market.