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The aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of mansabdari system under the successors of Emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar. The paper is focused on the mansabdari system which was developed and strengthened during the reign of Akbar. It can be argued that the mansabdari was an integrated system of efficient and loyal servants on the disposal of Akbar for the large expansion of his empire. The successors of Akbar tried to capture the spirit of Akbar’s age and reign in all respects but without much success. The system remained intact with central authority during Akbar’s days. The paper indicates that after the death of Akbar, the mansabdars started defying the authority of governors as well as the successors of Akbar. In this research attempt the performance of mansabdari system under the successors of Akbar i.e. Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb will be analyzed.
The use of information and communication technology (ICT) has been increasing worldwide for teaching of science in secondary schools. Also in Pakistan, ICT technologies are now applied in a number of the Private schools and the public sector intends to use it for teaching and learning. The review of research studies suggest that appropriate and effective use of ICTs technology enhances and adds value to students' learning in science education. However, the existing use of ICTs in schools in Pakistan appears not to be up to the level of its capacity, consequently a limited impact on students' learning. Teachers are central to the successful use of ICT resources in science teaching and any use successful integration depends on the teachers comfort level with its use. Therefore, exploring their perceptions and practices of integrating ICTs with teaching of science would help in understanding the existing situation, of ICTs use in schools, so that planning for integration may be made. This qualitative action research study was conducted in a government high school of Urban Sindh, Pakistan. Data from field notes, interviews, and document analysis were used to explore perceptions and practices of ICT Integration of three science teachers and one technology coordinator prior and post action research. There were a total of four interviews, one with each participant and four reflections on their learning from the workshop and observations. Prior to the intervention teachers perceived ICT integration as any kind of use of computers i.e. finding the information to enrich the textbook content or some lesson plans from the internet, integration of ICT is resources dependent and it's very difficult to find out the reliable sources form the internet. From pre-intervention data, I inferred that without developing a participant teachers' theoretical knowledge of teaching and learning of science with integration of ICT material, it would be difficult for me to help them understand the framework and process of the intervention stage of the intended research. Therefore, I decided to provide them with some reading material in order to develop their theoretical understanding of teaching of scientific concepts using ICT materials/resources. These readings helped participants to realize the importance of a few frameworks in sharpening their skills and understanding their role in developing the students' scientific reasoning. They also gained some insights into planning and teaching of science concepts using appropriate ICT materials to teach science. As I mentioned earlier, teachers were thinking