This dissertation communicates the results of a scientific endeavor undertaken for exploring the diversity of Basidiomycetous fungi of District Malakand, Pakistan. The District Malakand is an administrative unit of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, occupies 952 Km2 land within the geographical limits of 34⁰ 35’ to 34⁰ 66’ N and 71⁰ 65’ to 72⁰ 25’ E. Collections of mushrooms, rust and smut fungi were made from different area of Malakand District during the years 2013 and 2014. Field data of the specimens were recorded on the spot, proper photographs were taken and the collection was dried and preserved accordingly. More than 150 specimens of Basidiomycota were collected, comprising of 51 taxa belonging to 17 families. Distribution pattern of the groups shows that Agaricomycotina, the mushroom forming fungi, was the largest group represented by 39 species, Pucciniomycotina, the pathogenic rust fungi by 11 species and the smut fungi, Ustilaginomycotina, with a single species viz., Urocystis avenastri. All these fungi were characterized morpho-anatomically. The members of Agaricomycotina were also subjected to molecular identification, based on four gene regions viz., ITS, nrLSU, rpb2, tef-1α. Phylogenies of the analyzed taxa were elaborated with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis. Our research outputs includes one new species to science viz., Tulotoma ahmadii. Ten more taxa viz., Agaricus malakandensis nom. prov., A. minorus nom. prov., Cantharocybe pakistanicus nom. prov., Coprinopsis hispidus nom. prov., Hymenagaricus pakistaniensis nom. prov., Leucoagaricus badius nom. prov., La. xiii sultanii nom. prov., Parasola lentiformis nom. prov., Pa. malakandensis nom. prov. and Psathyrella fusiformis nom. prov., are in the process of recognition / publication as new species. Furthermore, other 12 species viz., Agrocybe semiorbicularis, Conocybe papillata, Coprinellus curtus, Marasmiellus palmivorus, Pleurotus cystidiosus, Parasola lilatincta, Pa. schroeterii, Stropharia ambigua, Puccinia microspora, P. nakanishikii, Termitomyces umkowaan and Trametes lactinea are added as new records to the species list of the fungi of Pakistan. In Agaricomycotina, Agaricaceae proved to be the most frequent family represented by six genera (Agaricus, Hymenagaricus, Leucoagaricus, Leucocoprinus, Lycoperdon and Tulostoma). The second largest family was Psathyrellaceae with four genera viz., Coprinellus, Coprinopsis, Parasola and Psathyrella. Only two genera were recorded for each the family i.e., Omphalotaceae, Polyporaceae and Strophariaceae. Whereas families like Bolbitaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Hymenocheataceae, Geastraceae, Lyophyllaceae, Miripelaceae, Mirulaceae, Pleurotaceae and Pluteaceae were represented by a single genus each i.e., Conocybe, Cantharocybe, Phillanus, Geastrum, Termitomyces, Rigidoporus, Irpex, Pleurotus and Volvariella, respectively. Pucciniomycotina was represented by two families, Phragmidiaceae (Phragmidium) and Puccineaceae represented by (Puccinia, Uromyces). The Ustiloginomycotina was monotypic only represented by Urocystis avenastri. This study concluded that low altitude mountains, foothills and grassy lands of Malakand are rich in fungi species and needs exploration of other groups also. These findings have not only upgraded the existing knowledge of basidiomycetes Mycota from District Malakand but also established a sound baseline for future research and exploitation of fungi in Pakistan.
چرخہ کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑیے خوشیاں نال سوہرے جا کڑیے تیرے چرخے دی گھوگ پیاری نی توں کت کت چرخہ ہاری نی دکھ ہٹسن ، دور بیماری نی کر رب دی حمد ، ثناء کڑیے کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑیے تیرے چرخے دی ماہل پرانی نی اُٹھ راتیں رڑک مدھانی نی فر مکھن آیا جانی نی توں رب دا ذکر اُلاء کڑیے کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑیے تیرا چرخہ بہت پیارا نی ایہہ دنیا کوڑ پسارا نی کیہ کلّی ، کیہ چوبارا نی گئے رب دی من رضا کڑیے کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑیے
توں چرخہ منگ لیائی نی توں چرخے تند نہ پائی نی کیوں کیتی بے پروائی نی نہ ویہلیاں وقت گنوا کڑیے کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑیے
تیرے چرخے دی ہتھی بھوندی نی تینوں نیندر بڑا ستوندی نی راتیں اُٹھ نہ چھلیاں پوندی نی کیہ دسیں گی اُوتھے جا کڑیے کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑیے
تیرے چرخے دی ہتھی بھاری نی تینوں حُسن دی چڑھی خماری نی تیری مت گئی کیوں ماری نی اُٹھ غافل! رب دھیا کڑیے کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑیے
تیرے چرخے دے مُنے لمبے نی تینوں ہر دم پین اچنبھے نی دل تیرا تھر تھر کمبے نی جد لیا کہاراں چا کڑیے کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑیے
تینوں چرخہ کس پھڑایا نی دس توں کی داج بنایا نی ویہلے بہہ بہہ وقت گنوایا نی سس پچھسی جھڑکاں پا کڑیے کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑئیے
تیرا چرخہ رنگ رنگیلا نی کر اگانہہ دا کوئی حیلہ نی تیرا مرشد پاک وسیلہ نی دینا سائیں پار لنگھا کڑیے کت چرخہ داج بنا کڑیے
The purpose of this study is to determine the development of MSMEs in Gorontalo Regency and to provide new innovations in the development of MSMEs based on Creative Economy (Ekraf) and Gig economy in Gorontalo Regency. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach, which describes and describes facts according to the phenomenon of how development is seen from the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities (SWOT analysis) with the aim of providing an Creative Economy-based MSME development strategy and the Gig economy in Gorontalo Regency. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews and documentation about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of MSMEs against informants from three business fields, namely the Food Business Sector (dodol processed food), clothing (Sulaman Karawo) and handicrafts spread across three existing sub-districts in Gorontalo Regency. The results showed that the creative economy-based and gig economy-based MSMEs in Gorontalo Regency have not been fully implemented by MSME actors because they have limited capabilities and experience problems in their business development, this is due to several problems faced such as limited capital, raw materials and the use of simple production equipment, limited marketing media due to the absence of a MSME center, the types of products offered, quite a lot of transaction costs, less skilled labor, and product copyright registration problems for that from the results of the SWOT analysis of the diversification strategy at a more precise value to be applied, because it is considered more appropriate to the current conditions in Gorontalo Regency. In addition, the use of the gig economy is a part-time worker who is competent and innovative for MSMEs that are progressing and ready to compete.
The present study was conducted to investigate the changes in prospective teachers'' self-efficacy beliefs during a pre-service teacher education programme. The ultimate objective of this study was to measure the changes in self-efficacy beliefs of prospective teachers during pre-service teacher education programme. This study compared the changes in the self-efficacy beliefs of male and female prospective teachers enrolled in the M.A Education and the B.Ed programmes when they moved from one semester to another semester of a teacher education programme, The sample consisted of 186 prospective teachers enrolled in teacher education programmes from two public sector universities in Lahore. Prospective teachers from three programmes of two years of the M.A. Education: M.A. Elementary Education, M.A. Secondary Education and Masters’ in Science Education from University of ihe Punjab and one year B.Ed teacher education programme from University of Education were selected as a sample for the study. A composite scale five-point Likert-type based on the four factors (locus of control, persistent behaviour, classroom anxiety and professional mastery beliefs) that could be applicable in the context of Pakistan’s unique cultural and social norms, was designed to measure the changes in self-efficacy beliefs of prospective teachers during their pre-service teacher education programme, The teachers’ self-efficacy scale was constructed by using the procedure of principal component factor analysis followed by an oblique rotation of the factor axes. The composite scale comprised four subscales with 25 statements. Overall Cronbach Alpha for the composite scale was 0,72 in first semester, 0,83 in second semester, 0.65 in third semester and 0.77 in fourth semester, suggesting that scale had adequate reliabilities for the sample. viiiData on the Teacher Self- Efficacy scale were gathered from prospective teachers enrolled in the M.A. Elementary Education, Secondary Education ami Masters'' in Science Education programmes at the end of their first, second, third and fourth semesters. Similarly data were taken from prospective leathers enrolled in the B.Ed programme at the end of their first, second and third semesters on (tie PTSE. As u general, results for the combined sample of the M.A, Education Programme (M,A, Elc, M.A, Sec and Masters'' in Science Education) prospective teachers ind Scaled that teacher sel Efficacy beliefs on the compos he scale significantly decreased from first semester to fourth semester. Similar situation was found on the sample of three teacher education programmes (Elementary, Secondary and Masters* in Science Education), Although prospective teachers'' self-efficacy beliefs enrolled in B.Ed programme remained stable (non-sign ift cant) on the composite scale. Results for the full sample of the M.A, Education Programme (M.A. 1 :1c. M.A. Sec and Masters'' in Science Education) indicated that prospective teachers'' locus of control, persistent behaviour and professional mastery significantly decreased throughout the semesters however, their classroom anxiety beliefs remained stable (non-significant) throughout the four semesters. When the sample was analysed on the prospective Teachers'' self-offtcacy beliefs enrolled in ihe M.A. Elementary Education Programme reflected the full sample results precisely. The teacher self-efficacy beliefs of prospective teachers enrolled in the M.A, Secondary Education Programme on locus of control and persistent behaviour factors significantly loll from one semester to fourth semester, but their professional mastery beliefs remained stable (non -significant). Interestingly , their classroom anxiety beliefs significantly increased throughout the course. The teacher self-efficacy beliefs of prospective teachers'' feenrolled in ihe Masters* in Science Education Programme on iocus of control factor were significantly lower by the end of the course, although their persistent behaviour, classroom anxiety and professional mastery beliefs remained the same. At B.Ed level, there were no significant changes on the four factors. At gender level, female prospective teachers enrolled in the M.A. Education programme held more teacher self-efficacy beliefs than male prospective teachers on the composite scale. In the same way females were most persistent compared to male prospective teachers at the end of first semester, Male prospective teachers enrolled in the M.A. Secondary Education Programme had significantly stronger persistent behaviour beliefs at the end of first and fourth semester in comparison of their female counterparts. Female prospective teachers enrolled in the Masters'' in Science Education Programme held significantly more persistent beliefs at the end of first semester than male prospective teachers. Female prospective teachers enrolled in the B.Ed Programme were more anxious about classroom teaching compared to male prospective teachers at the end of second semester. There arc some reasons associated with the low teacher seif-cfficacy beliefs of prospective teachers across the four factors. These might be the hectic schedule of assignments and presentations, demanding criteria of coursework and un-organized schedule of assigning academic tasks. Recommendations have also been suggested to enhance the teacher self-efficacy beliefs of prospective teachers including getting mastery experiences from teacher educators, exposure to real classroom leaching, feedback or comments from experienced teachers and peers on prospective teachers’ performance, and vicarious experiences by observing the work of other peers as a motivational device for leaching as a career.