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Home > Species Diversity of Mosquitoes and Their Spatio-Temporal Distribution in Pothwar Region, Punjab, Pakistan

Species Diversity of Mosquitoes and Their Spatio-Temporal Distribution in Pothwar Region, Punjab, Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Mehmood, Arif

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Entomology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11972/1/Arif%20Mehmood_Entomology_2019_PMAS_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727221761

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Mosquitoes are the most deadly animals found on earth. These are well known to be the vectors of lethal diseases. The family Culicidae (Diptera) comprises of 3515 species and 112 genera. As they spread many diseases in humans, so it is a dire need to explore them, to be well aware of the vectors before epidemics occur. The main objectives of the study were, exploration of the mosquito fauna of Pothwar region, pictorial key of the mosquito fauna of Pothwar, determination of the spatio temporal distribution of different mosquito species in Pothwar region and studying the egg laying color preference of mosquitoes. This study was done during the year 2014-17 in Pothwar region, Punjab, Pakistan. Specified sampling habitats were visited throughout the year to determine spatio-temporal distribution and to explore the mosquitoes in this region. Oviposition color preference was studied in laboratory and field conditions by using colored ovitraps. Twenty eight mosquito species have been discovered from the Pothwar Region, Punjab, Pakistan belonging to five genera. Eight species out of twenty eight were belonging to genus Anopheles, twelve species to genus Culex, three species belonging to genus Lutzia, three species belonging to genus Aedes and two species belonging to genus Armigeres. Six species were newly reported from Pakistan, includingLutzia (Metalutzia) vorax Edwards,1921, Culex (Barraudius) modestus Ficalbi, 1890, Culex (Eumelanomyia) tenuipalpis Barraud, 1924, Culex (Eumelanomyia) pluvialis Barraud,1924, Culex (Lophoceraomyia) seniori Barraud, 1934 and Armigeres (Armigeres) kuchingensis Edwards, 1915. In the present study, Anopheles spp. were found through March-November. The highest population was observed during May, while the lowest was observed during March. Culex vishnui and Culex theileri were observed in all the surveyed habitats, Culex vagans was present in all the habitats, except stream, while Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti were found from all the habitats, except animal sheds. Anopheles maculates, Anopheles theobaldi and Culex seniori were reported from two habitats only. All the species, including Aedes albopictus, Anopheles annularis, Armigeres kuchingensis, Culex vagans and Lutzia raptor followed the same trend of color preference for oviposition in laboratory as well as in field conditions except the Lutzia raptor, which have a unique color preference. Black and red color ovitraps were highly preferred for oviposition, while the least preferred ovitraps were blue. The habitat and seasonal information for Pothwar region are the basis to initiate preventive and control measures against any epidemic (Dengue, Zika Virus, Malaria, Elephentiasis, Yellow fever), if occurs in this region. The information about oviposition behavior can be helpful in forming trap for mosquitoes.
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المبحث الأول: ليلة ممطرة

المبحث الأول: ليلة ممطرة

قصيدة (ليلة ممطرة) " لنازک الملائكة " ([1])

الآن یا نجمي تغیب ولم یحن وقت الأفول؟ (التوارِ لو الغیاب)
ألآن واللیلُ الجمیل یریق ضوءک في الحقول؟
والزھر، تحت اللیل، نشوانٌ([2]) بمشرقکِ الجمیل؟ 
والنھرُ، والشطآن([3])، تضحکُ تحت أشجار النخیلُ

ألآن تغربُ؟ یا لمأساۃِ الجمال الذابل
یا نجمي المآسور في کفّ الضباب الشامل
یا فیلسوف اللیل، یا سرّ الوجودِ الذاھل([4])
عَبَثاً أناشیدي إلی أضواءِ نجم آفل

عبثاً سھرتُ اللیل أرنو([5]) والتفجّعُ([6]) غالبي([7])
أتزوّدُ النظر الأخیر إلی ضیاک([8]) الشاحب([9])
وأصوغ ألحان الرثاء على صباك الشاحب
وأحوکُ من دمعي الضیاء لکلّ نجمٍ غارب


رحماک یا نجمي الجمیل متی نھایۃ لیلتي؟
ومتی ستنقشع([10]) الغیومُ وتستریح کآبتي([11])؟ 
قد شاق قلبي أن أحسُّ الصمتُ تحت خمیلتي([12])
وتجوبُ([13]) عیناي الفضاء وفي یدي قیثارتي

ما زلتُ أنتظر السکون ولیس غیرُ صدی المطر
والریحُ في سمع المساء تئنّ ما بین الشجرَ
لا طیرَ یمرحُ في الحقول ولا أریج ولا زَھَر
لا شيء غیر صراخ رعدٍ ھاتفٍ بأسی البشَر

ومن الظلام تصاعدت آھاتُ قُمري([14])الغصون
ذھبت بمسکنہِ([15]) الریّاح وعزّہ المأوی([16]) الحنون
حیرانُ، مرتعشُ الجناح، مجرّح([17]) تحت الدّجون
رحماکَ یا ربّ العواصفِ، حسبُنا المطر الھَتون([18])

أین الفضاۃ الحلو؟ أین الصحو([19])؟ أین سنا([20]) النجوم؟
من جمّع المطر الکئیب، وبثّ في الليل الغیوم؟
یا ریحُ رفقاً...

الامثال النبوية و بلاغتها

The use of similes, metaphors, proverbs and idioms is given its due prestige in the annals of literature. To mention their use in the Islamic literature especially in the sayings of our Holy Prophet (PBUH) renders an ease and comfort in order to elaborate upon the Islamic teachings. It not only enhances interest but renders an inexplicable charm to explicate Islamic teachings so as to make them easy to comprehend. The use of figurative language enhances the rhythmic flow and charm of language and thus brings in a huge impact on literature. It is in this way that the proselytization task be done in an easy effective manner.

The Determinants of Corporate Financial Flexibility: Empirical Evidence from Listed Firms in Pakistan

Financial flexibility is an emerging area of study both, in developing as well as developed economies. In previous studies, researchers examined the financial flexibility from various aspects and used its various measures, but there are some important aspects, which have not been examined yet. For example, there is no consensus regarding a well-defined measure of financial flexibility, what are the various internal and external determinants of financial flexibility? How financial flexibility can be affected by variation in corporate governance setting etc. The objectives of this study are to examine the various measures of financial flexibility to identify an appropriate measure, and to identify various factors that determine firms’ financial flexibility. These factors are categorized as firm specific financial, corporate governance characteristics and country specific dynamics. The moderating effects of ownership concentration, managerial ownership, group affiliation, life cycle stage and CEO duality were also studied. Several measures of financial flexibility, such low leverage, spare debt capacity, cash holdings, Altman z score, modified z score and cash flow volatility were used to identify and analyze firm and country specific factors. The examination of this study was carried out by using unbalanced panel data of 193 non-financial listed firms in Pakistan Stock Exchange. The panel logistic regression applied for analysis over the period of 1991 to 2014.The data was collected from the annual financial statements of firms, World Bank database and State Bank of Pakistan. This study also differentiated and categorized the different sources and measures of financial flexibility and found that financial flexibility in the form of low leverage, modified Altman z score, Altman z score, are the first, second and third best measures of financial flexibility. Spare debt capacity, cash flow volatility and cash holding are the remaining good measures of financial flexibility respectively. The findings of the study indicate that firm specific financial, corporate governance related non-financial factors and country specific factors affect the corporate financial flexibility. Firms strive to attain and maintain the financial flexibility. Among firm specific factors, size of firm, tangibility, dividend, and age of the firm are the most significant determinants of financial flexibility. Among country specific factors, interest rate, inflation, equity market development and banking sector development are significant determinants of financial flexibility. However, equity market development is more economically and statistically more significant than banking sector development. The moderating effect of ownership concentration, managerial ownership, group affiliation, life cycle stage of firm and CEO duality were also studied. It was found that these variables have direct impact on FF and they moderate the relationship between firm specific factors and financial flexibility. Among these moderator life cycle stages, managerial ownership, and group affiliation are the most significant moderating variables. Overall, this study provides the evidence that FF measured by low leverage, spare debt capacity, cash holdings, Altman z score, modified z score and cash flow volatility may be affected by firm specific and country specific factors. Among all proxies of financial flexibility, low leverage and spare debt capacity were the most important and significant measures and sources of financial flexibility. These results are robust across alternative measures of financial flexibility.