Cross over interaction is of primary interest when developing relatively stable and high yielding crop cultivars as plant breeders are not only interested in the ranking of genotypes but also how the ranks fluctuate within test sites. Multi-environment trials were conducted to determine genotype by environment interaction (GEI) for production traits in wheat. Eighty-one wheat genotypes were field-planted in alpha lattice design with two replicates across nine environments (E-1 to E-9) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16. The E-1, E-2 and E-3 refer to Peshawar during 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16; E-4 and E-5 to Nowshera; E- 6 and E-7 to Swabi while E-8 and E-9 to Charsadda during 2014/15 and 2015/16, respectively. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant GEI for all traits, suggesting that genotypic performance was inconsistent across environments. The GEI explained maximum proportion of total variation and thus had dominating effect in phenotypic expression. Based on mean performance across nine test environments, genotype G-79 had higher number of tillers (181 tillers m-2), grains spike-1 (71), grain yield (4862 kg ha-1) and harvest index (33.8 %) and was thus identified as a leading genotype. Similarly, G-79 produced maximum grain yield in all test environments i.e. E-1 (4537 kg ha-1), E-2 (4840 kg ha-1), E-4 (5035 kg ha-1), E-5 (4976 kg ha-1), E-6 (4797 kg ha-1), E-7 (5024 kg ha-1), E-8 (4767 kg ha-1), E-9 (4886 kg ha-1), except E-3. Similarly, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-6 and E-7 were declared as highly productive environments for grain yield. Correlation coefficients among production traits revealed significant associations of grain yield with tillers m-2 (rg = 0.72**), grains spike-1 (rg = 0.41**), 1000-grain weight (rg = 0.30**) and harvest index (rg = 0.90**). Significant GEI justified further analysis using various stability models. The AMMI analysis revealed a major role of GEI in the expression of tillers m-2 (78.6%), grains spike-1 (71.7%), 1000-grain weight (77.9%) and grain yield (72.4%), realizing inconsistent performance across environments. The GEI sum of squares for grain yield was 5 times larger than that of genotypes, suggesting the possible existence of mega environments. The AMMI analysis partitioned GEI sum of squares into eight principal components. First two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained half of the variation due to GEI, indicating that the first two principal components were sufficient to explain the complex patterns of GE interaction. Based on AMMI1 and AMMI2 biplots, G-79 was unanimously declared as stable and high yielding genotype. Similarly, first two principal components of GGE biplot analysis cumulatively explained 36.5%, 62.6%, 56.8% and 54.8% variations due to GEI for tillers m-2, grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight and grain yield, respectively. The GGE biplot analysis confirmed the differential response of genotypes across environments, suggesting environment-based expression of genes. The GGE biplot also declared G- 79 as an ideal genotype for tillers m-2, grains spike-1 and grain yield, whereas G-36 for 1000-grain weight. The E-09 appeared to be the most discriminating and representative environment for grains spike-1 and grain yield while E-02 for tillers m-2 and E-01 for 1000-grain weight. The GGE biplot grouped Peshawar (E-01, E-02 and E-03), Nowshera (E-04 only) and Charsadda (E-08 and E-09) as one megaenvironment for yield and yield components. Stability parameters such as AMMI stability value (ASV), regression coefficient (bi), Wricke’s ecovalence (Wi), cultivar superiority measure (Pi), coefficient of variation (CV), Shukla stability measure (σi 2) and non-parametric stability measures Si (1) and Si (2) were strongly correlated with mean performance of genotype, inferring that these models can interchangeably be used. Critical comparison of various statistical models as applied to the data in this study transpired that the recommendations of AMMI and GGE analyses got refined when reviewed in conjunction with other stability models. Application of various stability models in this study identified G-79 as stable and widely adapted genotype for grain yield and its components, therefore, G-79 is recommended for commercialization after necessary procedural requirements.
اقبال کا تصور مردِمومن نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم صاحب صدر معزز اساتذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کی سعادت نصیب ہورہی ہے وہ ہے:’’اقبال کا تصور مرد مومن ‘‘ معزز سامعین! علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کا تصور مردمومن کوئی نیا تصورنہیں ہے۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو حضرت جنید بغدادی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو بایزید بسطامی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو فرید الدین گنج شکر رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جوخواجہ معین الدین چشتی اجمیری رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے نوے لا کھ کو کلمہ پڑھا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو داتا گنج بخش علی ہجویری رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے لاہور کی مسجد میں کعبہ دکھا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو بہاؤ الدین زکریا ملتانی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے معاصرین میں اپنا لوہا منوا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو غوث پاک رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے ہر چاند کی گیارہ کو میلادُالنبی ؐ کی محفل سجا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو حضرت امام حسینؑ نے سر نیزے پر چڑھا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو حضرت صدیق اکبر ؓ نے غار میں سانپ سے ڈسوا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جومحسنِ کائنات نے طا ئف کے میدان میں تبلیغ کے دوران پتھر کھا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو اللہ تعالیٰ نے مرد مومن کو اپنا خلیفہ بنا کر پیش کیا۔ صاحبِ صدر! علامہ اقبالؒ نے اپنی ساری زندگی اس مساعی جمیلہ میں گزاری کہ انسان جس مقصد کے لیے تخلیق ہوا ہے اسے پورا کرے اور...
Macroeconomics relates to economics elements at national level. Islam has conveyed its guidance in this sphere too. It encourages modest life style and thereby reduces expenditure, hence, increased savings. These savings can be utilized for investments to boost economy. Banking play an important role in creating pool of deposits used to finance businesses. Governmental regulatory intervenetions are at times involves controlling prices, preventing hoarding and monitoring adulteration. These issues have been discussed in this article with reference to relevant Islamic Teachings.
Pakistan is located in South East Asia. Its geographical location is very important. Its immediate neighbor Afghanistan has been the battle ground for regional and extra regional powers for the last three decades. Earlier USSR and now US led ISAF forces are present in the region. On the other hand, Pakistan has the history of hostile relations with its immediate neighbors, India and Afghanistan. India wants to play hegemonic role in the regional power politics. Indian perception is that the enemy of his enemy is his friend. Therefore it developed and enjoyed good relationship with Afghanistan since independence. India is lavishly spending/investing in Afghanistan in social and strategic sectors. There has been a growing strategic relationship between India and Afghanistan since 9/11. Signing of the Strategic Treaty in 2012 between India and Afghanistan is of great significance for both of them. Withdrawal of ASSAF forces is expected in the near future. End game in Afghanistan and possible role of Pakistan and India in post 2014 Afghanistan is of great significance. In this scenario, the present study of Indo-Afghan relation is very important. During literature review, very little print material on the topic Indo-Afghan Relations was available. Current period is particularly written by Indian writers (Vinod, Rahul Annand, Muni, Roy etc) who are biased and portray the soft and humanitarian face of India. While,in Afghanistan West is looking at the investment of India as peacemaking efforts (Fredric, Barbara, and Knonstadt). Very little has been written by Pakistanis (Ashraf, Yousaf). Big knowledge gap exists therefore research has been conducted to fill the gap. The theory of Neo-Realism was applied.The trilateral relations of three nations namely India, Pakistan and Afghanistan were a case study of the behavior of the states. As states are the most important actors in international relations and seek material power and capabilities in order to survive. National interest is much more important than morality and values for any state. Thesis argument is that the fast growing Indo-Afghan relations are stretching in all the fields including politics, economic, military and security in the post 9/11 era. They are threatening Pakistan’s political, economic and security interests in the region. Research work is comprised of 6 chapters. Fifth and sixth chapter include the perception of Pakistan’s politicelites. They are of the view that India is definitely investing in Afghanistan but it is a meager amount ascompared to the size of Indian economy. They opine that Indian investment in Afghanistan has following purposes; to minimize Pakistan’s influence in Afghanistan, to create a soft image of India in Afghanistan in order to achieve its hegemonic interests and to access Central Asian Republic’s markets through Afghanistan. India is so far being successful in all of its objectives. However, Pakistan’s policies don’t seem to bepolitically sound and fruitful in near future. It is time to revisit policies of interference and strategic depth. Neighbours can’t be changed, therefore, friendly and cordial relations with both the neighbors are pre-requisite for peaceful future.