The present work involves an investigation of the thermal and photochemical degradation of betamethasone esters i.e. betamethasone valerate and betamethasone dipropionate under various conditions and the evaluation of the photoxicity of these compounds. The thermal degradation (40oC) of betamethasone-17-valerate leads to the formation of betamethasone-21-valerate and betamethasone alcohol whereas betamethasone dipropionate gives rise to betamethasone-17-propionate, betamethasone-21-propionate and betamethasone alcohol at pH 2.5-7.5, betamethasone-21-propionate being an intermediate in this reaction. The betamethasone esters on photodegradation, using a UV radiation source (300-400nm), yield two major unknown products in aqueous and organic solvents. The detection of the photodegradation products of betamethasone valerate and betamethasone dipropionate has been carried out by HPLC and the tR values of the unknown products have been reported. The USP HPLC method, after proper validation, has been used for the assay of betamethasone esters and their thermal and photodegradation products. The analytical data have been used to evaluate the kinetics of thermal and photochemical reactions. In both reactions the betamethasone esters have been found to follow the first-order kinetics under the conditions employed. The apparent first-order rate constants for the thermal degradation of betamethasone valerate and betamethasone dipropionate in various media lie in the range of 0.339-9.07x10-3 hr-1 and 0.239-1.87x10-3 hr-1, respectively. The values of these rate constants for the photodegradation of betamethasone valerate and betamethasone dipropionate are in the range of 1.617-11.303x10-3 min-1 and 1.101- 7.657x10-3 min-1, respectively. The buffer and ionic strength effects on the rate of thermal and photodegradation have also been studied. It has been found that phosphate buffer inhibits the rate of degradation of both esters at pH 7.5. This could be due to deactivation of the thermal and photo-excited species involved in the reaction .An increase in the ionic strength of the phosphate buffer also leads to a decrease in the rate of reaction. Attempts on photostabilization of betamethasone esters in cream and gel formulations using compounds causing spectral overlay (vanillin and butyl hydroxytoluene) and light scattering agent (titanium dioxide) show promising results. However, the use of titanium dioxide was most effective in the photostabilization of the esters, causing 39.62-42.56 % and 33.84-35.70 % greater protection in cream and gel formulations compared to the control formulations of betamethasone valerate and betamethasone dipropionate, respectively. An important aspect of this work has been the evaluation of in vitro phototoxicity of betamethasone esters. This involved the application of the tests including photohemolysis, lipid photoperoxidation and protein photodamage. The results indicate that betamethasone esters and their photodegradation products are toxic to mouse red blood cells under UV irradiation. Photodegradation products of the esters are toxic in the dark also, therefore, appropriate precautions may be taken in their clinical applications to avoid any adverse effects.
میں اور دکتور محمود قاہرہ یونیورسٹی سے کبری الجامعہ کی طرف گامزن تھے کہ سڑک کے کنارے ایک ادھیڑ عمر کا آدمی دیکھا جس کا چہرہ غربت اور معاشی بد حالی کا منہ بولتا ثبوت تھا ۔ موصوف سڑک پر جھاڑو لگا رہا تھا اور بہت سارا کچرا اس کے ناتواں ہاتھوں سے زیادہ کمزور تیلی دار جھاڑو سے اس طرح واپس نکل رہا تھا جس طرح ارنسٹ ہمینگوے کے ناول ’’اولڈ مین اینڈ سی ‘‘ کے مرکزی کردار مچھیرے کے سمندر میں پھینکے ہوئے جال سے نکلتا ہوا پانی ۔میں نے دکتور محمود کو کہا تمھاری حکومت اس آدمی کو جتنی تنخواہ دے رہی ہے اس میں ایسے ہی کام کی گنجائش نکلتی ہے ۔ مصر کی معاشی حالت اور یہاں کے مزدور کی اوقات کی تلخی کو مدِ نظر رکھ کر میں نے پوچھا کہ تمھارے حکمران بھی تو ساٹھ عشرے میں اشتراکی تھے ، جواب دیا جی بالکل ۔اس نے کہا روس سے مراسم ہی کی وجہ سے یہا ں پر پین عرب ازم اور مصری تہذیب کو زیادہ اجاگر کیا جاتا رہا ہے ۔میں نے کہا شاید اس لیے یہاں کے چوراہوں پر ابوالہول براجمان ہے اور پوری مصری قوم اس آس پر بیٹھی ہے کہ پنجوں پر کھڑا ابوالہول ایک نہ ایک دن اٹھے گا اور مصر ترقی کی شاہرہ پر گامزن ہو گا اور صرف یہ نہیں بلکہ مصریوں کے بیٹوں کو قتل کر نے والے رعمسیس کے نام پر ایک بڑی شاہرہ اور چوک کے نام بھی قاہرہ شہر میں رکھے گئے ۔ دکتور محمود مصر کے سیاسی حالات سے گفتگو کو موڑتے ہوئے مجھ سے پوچھتے ہیں کہ اشتراکیوں کی زندگی کیسے گزرتی ہے ۔میں نے کہا آئیڈیل کی تلاش میں گھٹ گھٹ کر ۔میں نے بات پھر مصر کی طرف...
Hadith is a verbal and practical interpretation of the Holy Quran and the second great source of Islamic jurisdiction. A misunderstanding about Hadith was propagated that it was compiled in the Third Century. The scholars of the sub-continent shook off those doubts raised against Hadith with lucid arguments. The personality who got the honour of writing on Hadith with intellectual evidence and deep research pattern was Dr. Hameed Ullah. Dr. Hameed Ullah proved with research that the work of compilation of Hadith started in the era of the Prophet (PBUH) and that of his companions (RA) . It further expanded in the era of the disciples ofthe Prophet's companions. This basic service ofHadith by these people strengthens the rule that compilation of Hadith was started in Prophet's era. The documents of the Prophet's reign and those of his companions and their disciples prove it that latter is a sufficient reply to reject the claims of those who don't trust in Hadith and those of the Orientalists that the writing of Hadith is the phenomenon two
Globally, public sector extension has been under severe criticism for not performing effectively and efficiently and in case of Pakistan the situation is not different. Since independence of the country, several extension approaches and models have been introduced to enhance agricultural production and improve farm income with ultimate objective of raising living standard of rural people but these could not met the required targets and were discarded with the passage of time. Privatization of extension services changes the ownership from public to private sector which is also facing so many other challenges. In the situation when the economy of the country is sinking and public sector extension is facing financial constraints, commercialization of extension services is being suggested an alternate option. Keeping in view the above facts, present study was planned to explore and critically analyze the commercialization of agricultural extension service. The study was conducted in purposively selected one district i.e. Sargodha from citrus growing areas in the Punjab. Multistage sampling technique was used for data collection. At the first stage one district (district Sargodha) was selected purposively, at the second stage four tehsils (Silanwali, Kot Momin, Sargodha and Bhalwal) were selected randomly. As it was extremely expensive to interview all the units of the population. So, keeping in view the limitations of time and financial resources, a sample of 400 (100 from each tehsil) was drawn from the entire population by using Fitz-gibbon and Morris (1987) table. The data was analyzed by using computer software i.e. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). It was found that less than half of the respondents had knowledge about commercialization of agricultural extension services. The results showed that more than one-third of the respondents were willing to pay for advisory services. It was concluded that among all the strengths of commercialization it would lead higher farm output was ranked at 1st position. Commercialization would lead to enhance financial burden on farmers was ranked at 1st position among all the weaknesses in the way of commercialization according to the response of farmers. It was found that commercialization would only be acceptable when these services will be cost effective. It was found that inadequate government guarantees, regulations and control over extension service providers and abuses were one of the major potential constraints identified by the respondents. Among different strategies for reforming of agricultural extension services, structural issue was found major potential constraint among all other obstacles that may found in the way of commercialization. Policy, governance and legal constraints were also found other potential threats in the way of commercialization respectively.