4. Al-Nisa’/The Women
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
04:01
O The People!
Be mindful of your Rabb - The Lord WHO created you from a single soul,
and out of it created its spouse, and then out of the two of them, WE scattered countless males and females throughout the world.
Be mindful of Allah through WHOM you ask of one another and be mindful of the bond of family relationships.
Indeed, Allah watches over you.
04:02
And return to the orphans their possessions, and
do not exchange your inferior things with their superior valuables, and
do not consume their possessions by co-mingling with your possessions and using them as yours.
Surely that would be an outrageous crime.
04:03
However, in case you fear that you might not be fair towards the orphan girls in your care, or misuse their persons, then,
you may marry the women from amongst the widows or their daughters, whom you see fit
for marriageable age, up to two, or three, or four of them.
But if you apprehend that in your marital obligations, you might not be able to deal with them justly at a time and all the time, then marry only one;
or, marry someone from amongst those whom your right hand possesses in qital/battle.
Thus it will help keep you away from committing injustice.
04:04
And give your wives in marriage their bridal money happily as a free gift.
However, if they willingly offer you a part of it, you may, then, accept it wholeheartedly
and with pleasure.
04:05
And do not entrust those...
Islamic Shariah provides a complete code of life, as man can take guidance from Shariah, regarding each and every aspect of his life. Commerce plays a pivot role in human life which has been mentioned time and again in Quran and Hadith. According to one Tradition, Allah has affixed and set 10 parts of sustenance and in these ten parts, nine are in Trade. In Shariah the luminary Islamic scholars and jurists have deputed peculiar and separate subjects with different titles regarding Trade, the most famous and acknowledged are "Kitab-ul-Mutajir" and "Kitab-ul-Biyou". Islam elevates and upgrades those who toil and labour hard, among them the Labourer has prominent state and he is above all among them. According to the sacred utterance of Hazrat Muhammad SAWW: "You should pay the labourer his wages before his sweat dries away”. In the present era, no one can deny this fact that this world has become a global village, therefore new ways and system of commercial are in vogue and being applied besides some traditional ways. Such as Banking System, E-Purchasing, Online shopping and some other modes and means. In these traditional, latest and new trading systems, usually the labourers are being exploited because they are given less poor wages than their rigorous toilsome labour. However in the under discussion article the labourer rights and their utmost implementation in the trade of present era would be reviewed and analyzed in the light of Seerat-ulNabi SAWW.
Agricultural production needs to provide food and fiber for the burgeoning global population which is expected to touch 9.25 billion mark by 2050 from the current 7 billion. Agriculture accounts for about 84% of total water use in Asia, 72% worldwide, and 87% in developing countries. The need for improving irrigation management has been figuring high in most of the under developed countries in Asia and Pacific region since beginning of 21 st century. The total actual renewable water resources decreased from 2,961 m 3 per capita in 2000 to 1,030 m 3 per capita in 2013 which puts Pakistan in the category of red zone countries. This realization has shifted the attention of the researchers and policy makers to focus on improving the performance of the irrigation systems. To achieve equity in distribution of canal water, new techniques for managing irrigation water resources and for better performance of the irrigation system is required to be given priority under water stress and constraints environment. The simulation models provide information about actual state of the flow anywhere in the canal at any time and are appropriate tools. One dimensional hydrodynamic model, Simulation of Irrigation Canal, SIC is applied for the research study to simulate the hydraulic and operational conditions of Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) for better management and operation. The model was set up using observed cross sectional survey canal data of 2008-2010. The observed data of water levels, gate openings and out flows, for August 20-27, 2010 was used for calibration of the model. The steady state calibration of the hydraulic model compiles all canal reaches and structures for the actual conditions. The calibration of the model showed close agreement between observed and simulated water levels. As a whole, simulated and actual water levels represented a good calibration of the hydraulic model. The calibration results indicated that the computed water levels were within range of 20-35 cm than the observed water levels. After calibration, the model was validated using observed field data of six irrigation periods during 2006 to 2011, (May 10-17, 2006; August 24-31, 2007; November 8-15, 2008; October 07-14, 2009; February 20- 27, 2010 & July 7-14, 2011). The results indicated that the computed water levels were within range of 17-32 cm than the observed water levels. It showed that the model- computed water levels were in close agreement with the observed values for head, middle and tail reaches of the canal. The three statistical approaches i.e., Coefficient of Efficiency -E (Nash-Sutcliff coefficient), coefficient of determination -R 2 and the Student’s t- test were adopted for evaluation of model performance. The analysis indicated that the model perfromance is resaonably accepatable. Numerical Simulation of Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) canal was performed to compute water levels for 100% to 40% of design discharge with and without gate operations. The results showed that without gate operations, at 80% of design discharge at head, the cross regulators need to be operated to feed 25% offtakes to their design discharges. Therefore, gate operation is required at 80% of design discharge. The simulated discharges of offtakes for 100%, 80% and 60% of design discharge at LBDC head indicated that the reduction in the discharges for tail portion offtakes is remarkably more than the offtakes at the head and middle portion when the discharge at the head of the main canal is reduced from 100% to 60%. This indicated that the reduction in discharge from 100% to 60% at the head of a main canal, adversely affects ii ABSTRACT NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR OPTIMIZATION OF CANAL IRRIGATION SYSTEM the equity conditions along the main canal. The percent reduction varied from 3-20% from head reach to 25% to 42% in the tail portion. Based on results of this study, it is recommended to adopt normal range of operation as 80% for distribution operation instead of 70%. This study suggests new “Combined Efficiency Performance (CEP)” parameter as better representative of performance indicator to check the overall hydraulic and operational performance of canal. This indicator helps canal mangers to evaluate the operational plans. When the value of Combined Efficiency Performance (CEP) is between 0.8 to 1, the canal performance is “Good” and is graded as value equal to 1. When CEP is between 0.8 to 0.4, the performance is “Satisfactory”, the canal is graded equal to value 0.5, while when CEP is less than 0.4 and greater than 1, the canal performance is “Poor” and is graded as value equal to 0. The actual water delivery schedule for period June 15 to July 8, 2011 (Kharif season) was tested and results were compared with optimized plan for performance assessment in terms of equitable distribution of canal water. These indicators are: (a) Delivery Performance Ratio (DPR); (c) Reliability (P d ). (c) Equity (P e ) in water distribution; (d) combined efficiency performance (CEP). The simulations made with ID hydrodynamic SIC Model for LBDC provide information on canal behavior and help canal mangers to optimize operational plan for implementation. Additional modules are developed to better integrate SIC model as Support Tool in the Decision making process of the canal managers. Thus before implementing a new operational procedure in the field, the canal managers can evaluate its likely consequences on the system. The proposed distribution plan with head discharge of 220 m 3 /s of Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) was simulated. The results concluded that the average daily delivery performance ratio (DPR) for actual plan (Kharif 2011) is 0.94 while for optimized plan; the average DPR value is 0.97 showing improvement by 4% on average for optimized plan. The reliability (P d ) of irrigation supply indicated that for actual plan, the P d value is 0.048, while for proposed plan, it is 0.056 indicated improvement by 16.6%. The equity (P e ) in terms of water distribution along LBDC main canal concluded that the equity slope for optimized plan is 0.02 as compared to 0.077 of actual plan. The P e for actual plan is 0.9 while for optimized plan it is 0.97 indicating 8% improvement. The evaluation of combined efficiency performance (CEP) of offtakes concluded that for actual plan, the number of offtakes graded as “Good” are 31 while for the proposed plan, the number of offtakes graded as “Good” are 46. The analysis indicated that CEP value for Optimized plan is 0.82 while for actual plan, CEP value is 0.77, showing 13% improvement. In Pakistan, computer oriented research to study hydraulic behavior of large complex network using canal simulation hydraulic models is less common and not constantly implemented. This research study uses hydrodynamic model for simulations of main canal under different operating conditions. The canal managers can optimize the operational plans and implement their decisions in more efficient way than the current practices. The findings of this research serves as a decision support tool for the canal irrigation system managers to formulate effective and responsive control operation strategies under varying flow scenarios.