Nanostructures/(CuTl)0.5Ba2Can-1CunO(2n+4)–δ, {CuTl-12(n-1)n}; n = 3, 4} superconducting composites were synthesized by solid-state reaction (SSR) technique and their superconducting behavior was examined by different available experimental techniques. Anti-ferromagnetic chromium (Cr) nanoparticles (NPs), ferromagnetic cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) NPs, non-magnetic zinc (Zn) NPs and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of different wt. % have been inserted in CuTl-12(n-1)n; n = 3, 4 superconducting matrices and their effects on the structure, morphology and composition was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The transport properties and magnetic field response were explored by restivity versus temperature (RT) measurements with the help of four point probe method and ac-susceptibility (χac) measurements, respectively. The experimental data was further analyzed theoretically by different models such as Aslamazov-larkin (AL), Lawrence-Donaich (LD) and Maki-Thompson(MT) models. It has been observed that the inclusion of different nanostructures (NS) in polycrystalline CuTl-12(n-1)n; n= 3, 4 superconducting matrices do not change their tetragonal structure and stichoimetry. Increasing concentrations of magnetic NPs (Cr, Co,Ni) additions in host CuTl-12(n-1)n}; n= 3, 4 superconducting matrices reduce the diamagnetic strength and superconducting volume fraction and cause suppression in characteristic superconducting parameters. The suppression of superconducting parameters after addition of these magnetic NPs can be accredited to spin scattering of carriers due to net magnetic moment, which tend to remain align in particular blocked state and oxygen disorder in superconducting regions. Non-magnetic Zn and CNTs also diminish superconductivity because of enhanced carrier scattering cross section at inter-crystallite sites. Theoretical fluctuation induced conductivity (FIC) analysis confirm the suppression of superconducting characteristic parameters by these NS inclusions in CuTl-12(n-1)n}; n= 3, 4 superconducting matrices. Decrease in coherence length (ξ), increase in penetration depth (λp.d) and shifting of 3D regions towards lower temperature values illustrate the increased insulation at grain-boundaries and decrease in optimum charge carriesr density after addition of these NS in CuTl-12(n-1)n}; n= 3, 4 superconducting matrices
یہ دل جب جوان ہوا تھا اس کا ابرو کمان ہوا تھا ہر نقش اس کا قاتل تھا نشانے پہ میرا دل تھا دُور دُور رہا کرتا تھا وہ کچھ نہ کہا کرتا تھا وہ
ہر روز اسے دیکھتا تھا میں کہ اس کا فریفتہ تھا میں
دیکھا تھا اسے جب سے مانگا ہر شب رب سے
اسے پیار ہونا مشکل تھا میرا اعتبار ہونا مشکل تھا پر جذبے میں سچائی تھی وہ آخر پگھل آئی تھی اُسے اعتبار آ گیا آخر مجھ پہ پیار آ گیا آخر
یوں شروع پھر فسانہ ہوا کہ وہ بھی میرا دیوانہ ہوا پر ایک دن بھید کھل گیا اپنا سب کو سراغ مل گیا اپنا آخر عشق و زمانہ لڑ گئے اور یوں ہوا کہ ہم بچھڑ گئے
اس سانحے پہ بہت روئے ہم جانے کتنی ہی راتیں نہ سوئے ہم دل پہ خوشیوں کا ڈیرہ نہیں رہا یہ سچ ہے کہ وہ میرا نہیں رہا عمریں بیت گئی پر سوال وہی رہا کہ اُ س کے جانے کا ملال وہی رہا
یہ سچ ہے بہت ہم اداس رہتے ہیں یہ بھی سچ ہے نہ اک دوسرے کے پاس رہتے ہیں یہ بھی مانا کہ ہیں مجبور بہت پر اس ظالم سماج سے دور بہت اک عشق کا گاؤں آتا ہے جہاں نہ کوئی اداس رہتا ہے وہاں وہ میرے پاس رہتا ہے
The aim of this research is to accumulate the literature related to an Islamic ideology for two of the basic components of a State, Governance and Judiciary; both have a strong impact on society. Pakistan is an Islamic ideological state, the only Islamic rule created on the name of religion after the state established by the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him) in Medina. Its constitution and the style of governance should have its foundation based upon the principles of Islam; this is the main concept behind the creation of “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”. The paper will review some of the basic requirements for an administrative system to be qualified as Islamic way of governance and the judicial system in Islam includes the formulation of a comprehensive ideology of human equality and justice; the creation of a powerful incentive to adopt this ideology; and to establish a living example of equality and justice at all levels of life by defining the Islamic Judicial System & Its Legal Basis. Different Quranic verses, sayings and acts of Muslim jurists in this perspective are also studied. The paper has literature review in two major parts, first we will cover governance and Islam along with some basic terminologies from Islamic point of view and in the later part Judiciary, the concept of Justice and Judicial system in Islam will be discussed.
The main objective of this research task was to accomplish successfully development of the controlled release matrices of Flurbiprofen and ibuprofen. These both are typical members of NSAID’s and offer considerable therapeutic effects to relieve the symptoms and subsequent management of chronic inflammatory disorders such as osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and dysmenorrhea. Eudragit polymers were employed as rate controlling agents and consequently, their obvious impact on kinetic, mechanism and pattern of drug release was investigated. This highly skillful task did require primarily, initial preformulation studies to rule out drug identification, as well as solubility profiles. The drug and polymer as well as drug, polymer and co excipients compatibilities were also seriously addressed. Different codes were used to produce a set of formulations involving Eudragit L 100, L 55 and S 100 respectively by employing different drug to polymer ratios for both Flurbiprofen as well as Ibuprofen without any further addition of co-excipients. Moreover, same formulations were also developed in which primary filler (lactose) was partially replaced with co–excipients such as starch, CMC, HPMC, Gum Acacia and Gum tragacanth respectively. Ultimately the impact of these co–excipients upon drug release from fabricated matrices was also noted. Official procedures were employed to describe the Micromeritics studies of pure drugs a s well as respective physical mixtures of the formulation. The results provided puzzling statements about the flow of the pure drugs describing poor flow behavior. This problem was rectified by developing physical mixtures of different ingredients including magnesium stearate as a result, an enhanced and improved flow properties were exhibited. This was indispensable and prominent step in tablet preparation. Direct compression method was adopted as preferred procedure to get matrix tablets. Matrix tablets formed under such a tidy situation under go physico-chemical assessment according to official procedures. These test protocols included dimensional, friability, hardness, weight variation and content uniformity tests. All these searching checks were within official limits. In–vitro dissolution tests were performed for matrix tablets by selecting rotating basket method (USP method 1) with ix phosphate buffer of PH 7.4 as recommended dissolution medium. Matrices having Eudragit L- 100 enhanced the drug release more efficiently as compared to other grades. The leading factors affecting rates and kinetics of drug release from matrices included particle size, drug to polymer ratio and viscosity grades. Various co–excipients incorporated due to progressive replacement of lactose (Primary filler) such as CMC, HPMC, Starch, Gum Acacia and Gum Tragacanth caused enhanced drug release i.e within 3-5 hours. Different kinetic models were fitted to the data of drug release from the matrices. Korseymerpeppas equation best fitted the release profile from matrices by giving “n” value that described anomalous non fickian release mechanism for formulations without co-excipients. The similarity factor (f2) was also determined by comparing dissolution profile of both matrices and conventional dosage forms. The optimized formulations of both drugs were selected by keeping in view description of kinetic models as well as in-vitro dissolution profiles. The optimized formulations were subjected to stability testing in accelerated condition for short term exposure and they offered good stability profiles in accelerated conditions. The optimized tablets were also selected for in-vivo studies to determine in-vivo bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters in rabbits. The result deduced, showed test formulation to display extended drug release as compared to reference formulations. Also the test formulations portrayed good linear relationship between in-vitro drug release and in-vivo drug absorption.