Justice System of Islam in the Form of Qisas, Diyat and Harabah for the Protection of Human Dignity

For peace in a society and to protect the lives and properties of all the individuals living in a society, it is necessary that there must be certain rules and regulations that govern the whole system of society.  A guideline for each and every aspect of human life should be there. For this purpose Islamic law or Shariah law took origin to govern an Islamic state and for avoiding injustice and to preserve human dignity Shariah law prescribes different forms of punishment which constitute the basic criminal justice system of Islam. These include Qisas, Diyat and Harabah. Thus, the Quran not only specifies principles of retaliation in the form of Qisas but also gives an option of monetary compensation (blood money Diyat) to the aggrieved family of the victim. The fear of the consequences in the form of punishments prescribed by the Shariah Law must be there in a person's mind before he commits a crime and this fear will abstain from violating human dignity by destroying his life and property.

Novel Hybrid Models Based on Hesitant Fuzzy Sets

Hesitant fuzzy set theory is an impressive tool, to express the vagueness and ambiguity derive from experts, to analyze the characteristics of objects, and to determine the membership functions for each criterion domain. Due to the unpredictability of real world problems, and the limitation of human’s observations, it is very challenging to apply only a particular or specific uncertainty method to deal with complex problems. One can approach to more impressive and effective models to handle decision-making problems, by relating or associating the advantages of several other distinct theories of uncertainty. Hesitant fuzzy sets and soft sets are considered more efficient to deal the uncertain conditions. By combining these theories with several other useful models, novel hybrid models can be developed for decision-making problems. The aim of this research is to construct novel hybrid models based on hesitant fuzzy sets, because the use of hesitant fuzzy computations makes the decision-makers assessments more feasible and significant in decision-making. The proposed hybrid models are named as, hesitant N-soft sets, hesitant fuzzy N-soft sets, interval-valued hesitant fuzzy N-soft sets, m−polar hesitant fuzzy sets and hesitant m−polar fuzzy sets. These models are obtained by the hybridization of hesitant fuzzy sets with N-soft sets and m−polar fuzzy sets, which are more flexible and expressive for modeling and processing of vague information under hesitancy. These models provide us information about the occurrence of ratings or grades and enable us to tackle multi-polar information with hesitancy. Various properties of hybrid models are investigated with different methods of their construction. Intrinsic operations are highlighted and explored with several new concepts including weak, top weak and bottom weak complements. The concept of decision-making methods named as choice value, L-choice value, TOPSIS and ELECTRE-I, is explored by applying them on proposed models. Potential applications related to real life situations are presented, that illustrate the procedure of the proposed decision-making methods. Efficient algorithms are developed to solve the decision-making problems based on hybrid models.