Emex australis interference in wheat was investigated in three different experiments (Laboratory, Pot and Field experiments) at the Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during the year 2005/06 and 2006/07. The First experiment was aimed to study the “Allelopathic effects of E. australis on germination and early seedling growth of wheat at different temperatures”. In pot and field experiments “Influence of spiny emex (Emex australis Steinh.) density on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sown at different times” was studied. Interactive effect of E. australis residual soil and temperature significantly reduced the root/shoot length, dry weights and seedling biomass. Interaction of temperature with different aqueous extracts of E. australis significantly reduced the root/shoot length, dry weight and seedling biomass of wheat with pronounced inhibitory effects with leaf and stem extract as compared with distilled water (control). Interactive effect of temperature with wheat seed soaked in stem aqueous extract of E. australis caused highest significant effect on germination, mean germination time and germination index of wheat seeds. Interactive effect of temperature with continuously applied stem aqueous extract of E. australis caused highest significant effect on germination, mean germination time and germination index of wheat seeds. Aqueous leaf extract showed the highest inhibitory effect on wheat seed germination (48.7% inhibition) followed by butanol fraction (40% inhibition) and hexane fraction (26.2% inhibition). Hexane fraction from ethonolic extract of E. australis leaf extract significantly reduced root/shoot length, their dry weights and seedling dry biomass more that the aqueous ethanolic extract and other fractions. Result of pot experiment showed that E. australis plant height, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, fresh and dry weight per plant and NPK uptake and concentration of E. australis was significantly affected by sowing dates and different levels of E. australis density in uniformly seeded wheat. The wheat growth and yield parameters like number of spike bearing tillers, non-spike bearing tillers, plant height, spike length, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and NPK concentration were significantly affected by different E. australis density levels. The delayed sowing of 24 th November resulted in lowest grain yield mainly due to less number of spike bearing tillers and grains per spike. Results of field experiment showed that E. australis plant height, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, fresh and dry weight per plant and NPK uptake and concentration of E. australis was significantly affected by sowing dates and different levels of E. australis density in uniformly seeded wheat during both years of study. Wheat growth and yield parameters like number of spike bearing tillers, non-spike bearing tillers, plant height, spike length, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and NPK concentration were significantly affected by different E. australis density levels. The maximum grain yield was obtained from weed free wheat, mainly due to more spike bearing tillers, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. The delayed sowing of 23 rd November resulted in lowest grain yield mainly due to less number of spike bearing tillers and grains per spike. E. australis demonstrated allelopathic prospective against wheat seed germination and seedling growth which suggests that soil incorporated plant residues of E. australis may have broader ecological implications on the growth of succeeding crop. Sowing of wheat on 7 th Nov. proved to be helpful in reducing wheat grain yield loss from E. australis infestation.
پرانے زمانے دی گل اے کہ کسے ملک اتے اک بہت رحم دل بادشاہ حکومت کردا سی۔ اپنی رعایا دا خیال رکھدا تے اوہناں نوں ودھ توں ودھ سہولتاں دیون دی کوشش کردا۔ پر ربّ دا کرنا انج ہویا کہ ویاہ دے ویہہ سال بعد وی اوس گھر کوئی اولاد نہ ہوئی۔ ایس کر کے اوہ بہت پریشان رہندا سی۔ اوس کئی حکیماں توں اپنا تے ملکہ دا علاج وی کروایا ربّ نے اوس نوں اولاد دی نعمت عطا نہ کیتی۔
اک دن اوہ اکلا اپنے محل دے بوہے تے کھڑا بالاں نوں کھیڈ دا ویکھ رہیا سی۔ اوہدیاں اکھاں وچ اولاد نہ ہوون پاروں اتھرو آ گئے۔ اچانک بادشاہ نوں کھڑا ویکھ کے اک فقیر اوہدے کول آ گیا تے افسردہ ہوون دی وجہ پچھی۔ بادشاہ نے دسیا کہ بابا میرے کول اولاد نئیں اے۔ بابے نے آکھیا میں کئی دناں دا بھکھا آں۔ توں مینوں روٹی کھلا دے۔ ربّ تینوں اولاد دیوے گا۔ بادشاہ اوس فقیر نوں بڑے ادب نال لے کے محل اندر آیا تے شاہی برتناں وچ اوس نوں کھانا پیش کیتا۔ جان لگیا بادشاہ نے نذرانے دے طور تے کجھ پیسے دے دتے۔ فقیر اولاد دی دُعا دیندے ہوئے چلا گیا۔
ربّ نے فقیر دی دُعا قبول کر لئی تے اک سال بعد ربّ نے بادشاہ نوں اک سوہنی دھی دا تحفہ دتا۔ اوہ تے ملکہ دھی دی آمد تے بہت خوش سن۔ جدوں رعایا نوں شہزادی دا پتہ لگا تاں اوہ وی بہت خوش ہوئی۔ بادشاہ نے سارے ملک وچ خیرات ونڈی۔ ایس توں غریباں نوں کھانا کھاون دا وی انتظام کیتا۔ خود اک وڈی دعوت دا انتظام اپنے شہر وچ کیتا۔ مقررہ تاریخ تے بہت سارے لوک ایس دعوت وچ آئے اوہناں شہزادی نال کپڑے، کھڈو نے تے...
Imm Ibn Taymiyyah is a well-known scholar of Muslims. He was an ocean of knowledge and wisdom. His books prove his excellence He was born in 661 Hijrah in Harrn (Syria). He learned every kind of knowledge especially religious knowledge i. E knowledge of Qur’n, Tafsr, Hadth, Fiqh, Jurisprudence, philosophy, inheritance law, mathematics, grammar, literature, and poetry etc. He wrote hundreds of books about the above mentioned fields. He was permitted to give Fatw (verdict) in his early age. He was successful in achieving the position of Ijtihd (authoritative interpretation of Islamic Law). Ibn Taymiyyah Studied the Profound Books of religions and sects. Then he analyzed the works in the light of senior Imams and Qurn and Sunnah. He is an extra ordinary person in his knowledge and writings. In brief we can say the fatws of Imam Ibn Taymiyyah have printed in thirty seven volumes. His first ratiocination in Fatwa is from the Holy Qurn. He presents the arguments from the Hadith and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W). He considered Ijm ‘ (consensus of Muslim opinion) as a proof of Shar‘ah. He presents the point of view of various schools of thought, He trusted in the books of ancient scholars. He also answers the anticipating ambiguity and complication. A few of his fatwas begin with all praise to Allah. His fatws are concordant with the life of the Muslims. In this article a deep study of fatwa of Ibn Taymiyyah has been taken as a guideline for fatwa in Islamic methodology.
The thesis comprises of generalized inequalities for monotone functions from which we deduce important inequalities such as reversed Hardy type inequalities, general- ized Hermite-Hadamard’s inequalities etc by putting suitable functions. The present thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter includes generalized inequalities given for C-monotone functions and multidimensional monotone functions. As a result of these inequalities, we de- duce reversed Hardy inequalities for C-monotone functions and multidimensional re- versed Hardy type inequalities with the optimal constant. Furthermore, we construct functionals from the differences of above inequalities and gives their n-exponential convexity and exponential convexity. By using log-convexity of these functionals we give refinements of these inequalities. Also we give mean-value theorems for these functionals and deduce Cauchy means for them. The second chapter consists of inequalities valid for monotone functions of the form f /h and f /h. These are also very interesting as by putting suitable functions we get one side of Hermite-Hadamard’s inequality and generalized Hermite-Hadamard’s inequality. Similarly as in the first chapter, we make functionals of these inequalities and gives results regarding n-exponential convexity and exponential convexity. Also we give mean value theorems of Lagrange and Cauchy type as well as we obtain non- symmetric Stolarsky means with and without parameter. In the third and the last chapter we consider Petrovi ́ type functionals obtained from c Petrovi ́ type inequalities and investigate their properties like superadditivity, sub- c additivity, monotonicity and n-exponential convexity. Also at the end of each chapter we discuss examples in which we construct further exponential convex functions and their relative properties.