The research entitled “studies into enhancing productivity of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) under various agro-management practices” was sown at Post Graduate Agricultural Research Station, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in two sets of field trials during Kharif 2005 and 2006. First experiment comprised of three levels of nitrogen viz. 150, 200 and 250 kg ha -1 and six duration of weed-crop competition i.e., 0 (weed free control), 2, 3, 4, 5 or 15 weeks (weedy check), then plots were maintained weed free till harvest. The second experiment, “utilization of allelopathy for reducing herbicide dose in maize sown at different plant densities” comprised of three plant densities (98765, 65884, and 49383 plants ha -1 ) and five weed control methods. Weed control methods were weedy check, Primextra gold 720 SC (atrazine 320 g L -1 + s-metalochlor 400 g L -1 ) at 1440 g a.i. ha -1 as pre-emergence, hand hoeing twice (20 and 40 DAS), one hand hoeing + earthing up (20 and 40 DAS respectively), Primextra gold 720 SC (atrazine 320 g L -1 + s- metalochlor 400 g L -1 ) at 720 g a.i. ha -1 (50 % reduced dose) + sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) water extracts each at 15 L ha -1 as pre- emergence. In both the experiments, the crop was sown on 67.5 cm spaced ridges in plots measuring 2.7m x7.0 m with the help of dibbler during 1 st . week of August. The results of the experiments in brief are: In first experiment, nitrogen levels from 150-250 kg ha -1 increased total weed density up to 26 % while their fresh weight 35% and that of weed dry weight up to 33%. Crop maturity was delayed by 3 days. Yield contributing factors like plant height (9%), kernel weight per cob (9-12%), 1000 kernel weight (4%), and thus final kernel yield (26%) was also enhanced with the higher doses of fertilizer-nitrogen. Therefore, for as the competition durations were concerned, they had positive effect on weed dynamics but negative effect on crop meaning thereby that more the weed crop competition duration lower the crop yield due to poor growth and yield contributing factors. Although the increased durations of weed crop competition resulted in yield losses, however, these losses were maximum (67%) in plots which received lower quantities of nitrogen (150 kg ha -1 ) and maximum weed crop competition i.e., 105 days (up to crop maturity) which indicated that more intensive weed management system is required under low fertility levels. It is pertinent to mention that the presence of weeds had minimum effect on crop growth at initial stages provided it is supplied with sufficient amounts of available 1nutrients like application of nitrogen at 250 kg ha -1 . Nitrogen levels had positive impact on quality of kernel (oil, protein, and starch) while duration of weed-crop competition had negative effect on quality of kernel. In second experiment, there was negative correlation between the densities of maize and weeds. The maize crop sown at density of 98765 plants ha -1 reduced the weeds per unit area (weed density) to the extent of 20% (40 DAS) and 24% (105 DAS). Similarly, the reduction in dry weight was 26% (40 DAS) and 20% (105 DAS). Maximum LAI (7.95), LAD (418 days), and CGR (23.69) were recorded under higher plant densities. Although the kernel weight per cob (79.96 g) and thousand kernel weight (242.93 g) were reduced when the crop was planted at higher densities but the final kernel yield was maximum (7.17 t ha -1 ). The best weed control method was one hoeing (20 DAS) in combination with earthing up (40 DAS), but application of reduced dose (50 %) of atrazine + S-metalochlor at 720 g a.i. ha -1 (half of label dose) in combination with sorghum + sunflower water extracts each at 15 L ha -1 proved to be economical as its MRR (3424 %) was maximum.
مولانا محمد رضوان القاسمی مرحوم مولانا محمد رضوان القاسمی کے انتقال سے حیدر آباد دکن کی ریاست علم و ادب ہی سونی نہیں ہوئی ہندوستانی علما کی صف سے ایسی جگہ بھی خالی ہوئی جو روایت و جدیدیت کی جامعیت کی عمدہ مثال تھی اور جس سے مستقبل میں ملک کی قیادت اسلامی کو بڑی توقعات تھیں۔ ایک مہینہ قبل جب حیدر آباد سے یہ خبر ملی کہ مولانا کو ہیمبرج ہوا تو یقین نہیں آیا، گزشتہ سال بھوپال میں رابطہ ادب اسلامی کے ایک جلسہ میں ان کی زیارت ہوئی تو وہ ہمیشہ کی طرح ہشاش بشاس، متحرک اور زندگی سے لبریز نظر آئے، ان کی سرگرمی اور ہمہ وقت جدوجہد اور تگ و دو ، دیکھنے کے لایق تھی، دیوبند سے جب وہ حیدرآباد گئے اور ایک مدرسہ سے وابستہ ہوئے تو شاید کسی نے سوچا بھی نہ ہو کہ ایک دن یہ انجان اور گم نام فارغ دیوبند، حیدرآباد کے آسمان علم و ادب پر سب سے روشن ستارے کی شکل میں ظاہر ہوگا، حیدرآباد کے علاقہ عابد شاب میں مسجد عامرہ سے ان کی صلاحیتوں کا سورج طلوع ہوا اور دارالعلوم سبیل السلام اس سفر سعادت کا مرحلہ عروج ثابت ہوا، مولانا رضوان القاسمی نے اپنے اخلاق، رکھ رکھاؤ، عالمانہ متانت و رزانت اور خداداد انتظامی صلاحیت سے اس ارض دکن کو اس طرح فتح کیا کہ اب حیدر آباد اور وہ لازم و ملزوم کی حیثیت اختیار کر گئے، وہاں کے مقتدر اخباروں میں ان کے دینی و ادبی کالموں کا انتظار ہزاروں قارئین کو شدت سے رہتا، اﷲ تعالیٰ نے خطابت کے ساتھ قلم کا سلیقہ بھی فیاضی سے ودیعت فرمایا، ان کے قلم کی شگفتگی، شائستگی اور شستگی کی داد اہل نظر نے دی، ان کا زاویہ نظر مستقیم اور طرز ادا بہت معتدل تھا اور اس میں ان کی...
Abstract Pakistan has celebrated seven decades of independence but misfortunately the nation is still divided into several ideologies, believes, ethnicities, regionalism, provincialism, political and social classes. Throughout the world, education plays a significant role in nation building but the terrible upshot in Pakistan is the division of nation in the field of education and learning. There are numerous umbrellas under which our educational system is running. Therefore, current study objects to measure educational stratification and its effect on nation building process in Pakistan. In this regard, this research mainly focuses on four major prevailing educational systems such as; privately managed schools, public schools, army public schools and madarsa (religious educational institution). Data were collected through focus group discussions and analyzed by applying grounded approach theory. Four major themes emerged after data examination. These are uniformity of curricular, equal opportunities, political and bureaucratic involvement and lack of moral education. Study finds that education system is badly lacking in uniform ideology and moral learning. Furthermore, the poor system of education is negatively affecting nation building in Pakistan by enhancing public distrust, discrimination and regionalism. The results of the present study may be helpful in finding the way for uniform educational system which provide learning opportunities to every child without thinking of their caste, religion, language, economic class, political affiliation and ethnicity.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitously distributed and often, nosocomial infectious agent. It is identified as one of the top three nosocomial infectious agents, causing complicated and persistent infections. It has notorious infection feactures such as biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance, making it a significant healthcare challenge. P. aeruginosa is equipped with a diversified arsenal of virulence factors which help in infection establishment and progression against the host immune system. Among many other, P. aeruginosa produces Pyocyanin (PCN), a redox active blue phenazine pigment, considered to be its primary virulence factor. This blue pigment plays a critical role in infection establishment and survival of the pathogen. Studies have implicated PCN with multiple bioactive properties due to its redox active potential, i.e. immuno-modulation, pro-apoptotic, enzyme inactivation and others. The ability to diffuse through biological membranes imparts a new dimension for PCN mediated virulence of P. aeruginosa in the host body. So far PCN mediated virulence has been considered as localized incidence at the site of infection i.e. effect of PCN on the ciliary movement of epithelial lining or inactivation of DUOX1 enzyme in the respiratory system. The emergence of Pan-drug resistant or ‘Superbug strains’ at pandemic scale is a critical threat to health care setups. The ineffectiveness of antibiotics against P. aeruginosa puts the vulnerable groups at serious risk as the World Health Organization is foreseeing the dawn of Post-antibiotic era. Lack of preventive vaccines against P. aeruginosa is another challenge that puts vulnerable groups at greater risk. A comprehensive strategy was devised to better understand PCN mediated P. aeruginosa virulence. This dissertation reports the potential impact of PCN in Central Nervous System during P. aeruginosa infection. Cytotoxic impact of PCN was studied in murine models. Blood brain barrier permeability was assessed computationally and confirmed via HPLC. Murine behavioral tests demonstrated neurodegenerative and cognitive impairment potential of PCN. Systemic redox potential was evaluated by employing multiple in silico tools and glutathione-S-transferase assay, PCN-induced oxidative stress in brain, lungs and cardiac tissues. For dealing with PCN-mediated virulence, PCN biosynthesis was targeted via drug repurposing in a dual manner: 1) Study of PCN chemical-protein and drug drug interactions revealed Piperaquine as an anti-virulence therapeutic agent as it has an effective anti-PCN potential. While the structure based study demonstrated aspirin’s potential in inhibiting PCN, unlike ibuprofen. 2) Innate immune component DUOX1 and its homologue NOX4 capable of inactivation of PCN were computationally studied for their sequential, structural and functional aspects, and were annotated. These two schemes could contribute towards the development of Pseudomonas specific anti-virulence approaches independent of antibiotic resistance phenomenon. In a bigger scenario genomic data was explored for dealing with the antibiotic resistance challenge. Using reductive genomic screening, potential peptide vaccine candidates and prospective novel drug targets were predicted. This dissertation focuses on PCN mediated virulence of P. aeruginosa and strategies for prevention and management of infection.