Ambulatory Hysteroscopy in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: A Tertiary Care Hospital Perspective

Background: To avoid delays in outpatient facilities for managing benign gynecological conditions like abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), there is a need to evaluate the usage of unconventional methods like outpatient hysteroscopy. Objectives: To evaluate the usage of outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Methods: An observational study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Combined Military Hospital, Kharian. The study included 56 women having AUB with or without a history of failed medical treatment. The study participants underwent outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy. Diagnostic hysteroscopy was done under the local para-cervical block in the Outpatient department. Procedure indications, outcome and biopsy findings were recorded on predesigned proformas. Results: Median age of the study participants was 44 years. The most common indications for diagnostic hysteroscopy were postmenopausal bleeding (34%) and heavy menstrual bleeding (28%). Hysteroscopy outcomes included endometrial biopsy (34%), discharge with no biopsy (25%), further test and evaluations required (21%), and admission due to failed outpatient procedures (20%). Sixty-two percent of the study participants had normal biopsy findings while other biopsy findings included polyps (20%), fibroids (14%) and endometrial hyperplasia (4%). Nine percent had unsuccessful hysteroscopy due to patient refusal to proceed. Conclusion: Outpatient hysteroscopy can be helpful in the early and rapid diagnosis of women with abnormal uterine bleeding.  

Parents’ Preference: O-Levels, Ssc or Aku-Eb for Their Children in Karachi

Present day education systems offer a variety of education options that parents can choose for their children's basic education. On one hand, there is attractive but expensive private education system, on the other hand, there is economical public education system, though less attractive in terms of societal perceptions. This dual system creates a decision dilemma for the parents. The students of these schools also have options of sitting for a private examination (0-Level and AKU-EB) or public exams (SSC). In view of the phenomenon, this study focuses on finding out the preferences of the parents for choosing 0-Level, SSC or AKU-EB examination streams while studying in in various private schools of Karachi. This study follows Qualitative Research Methodology. The essence of the study was based upon the voice of the parents, students and the institution heads. They have been interviewed to gain first-hand knowledge about the research question. The participants encompassed all the three systems i.e. 0-Level, SSC or AKU-EB in Karachi. Largely, parents had been found interested in an examination system which could ensure their children a better and prosperous professional life. Hence, Cambridge International Examination's 0-Level is found out to be top parental preference, however, affordability and financial challenges pose serious challenges for parental choice.