Essential oils are complex mixtures of biological active substances which have numerous applications in the field of food industry, medicine, agriculture and pesticides as they are safe to use as compared to synthetic chemicals having no harmful effect on human health and environment. In the present investigation, essential oils of some indigineous species of plant family Umbelliferae were selected for evaluation of their chemical composition and biological activities. Essential oils were extracted from the seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (L) Sprague, Carum roxburghianum, Daucus carota, Cuminum cyminum Linn., Bunium periscum Bioss, Anethum graveolens L. and Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew) C.B.Clarke. All the volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by GC-MS. Yield and physico-chemical parameters of the essential oils were also determined using standard methods. Anti-bacterial activity of the essential oils was assayed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by using agar disc-diffusion method and determination of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was carried out by broth macro-dilution method. Inhibition zone diameters ranged from 6.0 to 33.6mm and MBC values ranged from 0.25% to above 4% for the various essential oils. The oils of T.ammi, B.periscum and C.cyminum exhibited significant bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococus faecalis while the essential oils of C.roxburghianum and D.carota were active against gram-positive bacteria only. Antioxidant activity of the essential oils was examined using various assays and their efficiency was found to be in the order: T.ammi > C.cyminum > B.periscum > D.carota > C.roxburghianum ixAbstract The antioxidant activities of the selected essential oil components were also examined. Thymol, p-cumenol and gamma-terpinene proved to be the excellent free-radical scavengers followed by S-(+)-carvone, R-(-)-carvone and 4-methoxy cumene whereas cuminal, cuminyl alcohol and p-cymene showed weak activity. Cuminal, R-(-)-carvone, gamma-terpinene and cuminyl alcohol exhibited superior metal chelating activity while p-cumenol and 4-methoxycumene showed weak activity. The essential oils were also tested for their insecticidal activity against Periplaneta Americana. 5% solutions of the essential oils of B.periscum, C.cyminum and T.ammi showed contact toxicity and 100% mortality occurred in the first three hours. The essential oils of C.roxburghianum and D.carota exhibited weak insecticidal activity. In fumigant toxicity assay, 100% mortality occurred after six hours in case of the essential oils of B.periscum and C.cyminum. The essential oils were also tested for insecticidal activity against Musca domestica L (House Fly) and Tribolium castanum. The essential oils from T.ammi, B.periscum and C.cyminum had shown highiest toxicity against both insects while other has mild to moderate insecticidal activity.
جد دا ڈٹھا اپنا آپ سانوں دِسدا نہیں اے پاپ کیہڑا ناصح دانش یار دیوے رات ہجر دی ناپ مشکل ویلے بھل نہ ویکھ ساڈی رکھیں یار سیاپ جھوٹیاں نوں توں سچ نہ جان سچ دا توں پھر راگ الاپ کر خدمت توں اس دی پھیر جیہڑا تیرا مائی باپ جے توں رہنا غیراں نال سانوں موڑیں ساڈی چھاپ
Hazrat Abdul Rehman (may Allah be pleased with him) belonged to Arab tribe of Quraish and was a close relative of Mohammad (peace be upon him). At the time of conquest of Makkah He (may Allah be pleased with him) entered the circle of Islam. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the companions of Muhammad (may Allah be pleased with him) who came to sub-continent specially Balochistan in order to preach for Islam and Jihad during the Khilafat of orthodox caliphs. He (may Allah be pleased with him) came to Balochistan twice for Jihad and conquests first during the Khilafat of Hazrat Usman (may Allah be pleased with him) and second time in the early era of Hazrat Muawia (may Allah be pleased with him). He (may Allah be pleased with him) played a vital role in the wars of Balochistan. He (may Allah be pleased with him) established Zehri his abode and capital after conquering Kalat, Khuazdar (Sajistan), Kachi, Gandhava, and Chaghi, and from here he expanded the series of his conquests till Kabul and Qandar. Besides this, he included many areas of sub-continent in the Islamic empire of conquered areas. His (may Allah be pleased with him) life is consists of great chapters of sincerity in deeds. Wisdom and valor, determination fearlessness, strife, hospitality, simplicity and patience. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the great generals of Islam had the honour to have carried the message of Holy faith in every corner of Balochistan in tough and unfavorable conditions and planted the flag of Islam in Balochistan forever.
This study aims to explore the inquiry-based teaching strategies employed by mathematics teachers in lower secondary classrooms. The inquiry-based teaching strategy provides an opportunity for learners to learn mathematical concepts by 'exploring', 'conjecturing', 'reasoning', and 'evaluating' (Arendas, 1994; Jaworski,1994; Borasi, 1992). The study was conducted in a government and a private school in Karachi, Pakistan. The research participants were mathematics teachers from lower secondary classes (class 8) who had at least two years' teaching experience in mathematics. A qualitative case study approach was employed to get an in-depth understanding about the mathematics' teachers teaching practices. Furthermore, an inductive analysis was used to investigate teachers' understanding and classroom implementation of the inquiry approach. The study provided an opportunity to examine both the teachers' teaching strategies and its effects on students' learning. The findings of the study reveal that both the teachers employed low level of inquiry (cookbook) approach and seemed constrained to use a high level of inquiry (independent) due to time constraints and the need to complete the syllabus on time. Moreover, less content and pedagogical knowledge also created hindrances in teaching students through an inquiry-based approach. The study suggests that teachers need to be provided with continuous help and assessment following their participation in professional training programmes. The study will contribute towards teacher training institutions and teacher educators when they design or conduct trainings for mathematics teachers. The training institutions might consider the needs of mathematics teachers and the challenges that teachers face in teaching mathematics.