Aerial parts of Eruca sativa (E. sativa) and leaves of Hedera helix (H. helix) are popular remedies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in humans. Erucin and hederacoside C (HDC) are the important constituents of E. sativa and H. helix, respectively. Literature lacks pharmacological investigation on these plants and the constituents in hyperlipidemia and hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the E. sativa and H. helix, erucin and HDC effect in hyperlipidemia, hyperlipidemiainduced vascular dysfunction and hypertension. Crude extracts of both plants (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg), erucin (1 and 3 mg/kg) and HDC (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) were tested in tyloxapol and high fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Biochemical evaluation of lipid profile was carried out on blood collected from all groups. Histopathological and vascular dysfunction studies were performed on aortae isolated from normal, hyperlipidemic and treated rats. The antihypertensive effect was investigated in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in both groups. The mechanisms were investigated using isolated rat aorta and atria. Both extracts and compounds significantly reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides (p < 0.001), compared to lovastatin in tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia. In high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia, both extracts significantly (p < 0.001) reduced TC, LDL and increased (p < 0.05) HDL levels at higher dose. Erucin and HDC also significantly (p < 0.001) decreased TC and LDL levels. Extract of H. helix was more potent (p < 0.001) in decreasing the atherogenic index in both hyperlipidemic models, compared to E. sativa. The data thus shows that extracts of both plants and compounds are antihyperlipidemic agents. Further in-vitro studies were carried out to explore the role of these agents on vascular endothelium disruption (dysfunction). The thoracic aortae from HFD rats were used for histopathological and vascular reactivity studies. Extract of E. sativa reversed endothelial dysfunction in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats in-vitro by inhibiting macrophages infiltration and reducing endothelial disruption. Extract of H. helix markedly preserved endothelial dysfunction by improving the architecture of vascular wall. Both compounds also improved endothelial disruption. The vascular dysfunction xi study in the aortic rings from hyperlipidemic rats treated with both extracts and compounds showed that acetylcholine caused complete relaxation against phenylephrine (PE) precontractions. This indicates that extract and compounds are effective remedies in improving disrupted vascular architecture due to hyperlipidemia. To see effect on blood pressure, extracts, fractions and compounds were tested in normotensive, normotensive atropinized and hypertensive rats. Extract of E. sativa and fractions, dose-dependently decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) that was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced with atropine (1 mg/kg) pretreatment in normotensive rats. Extract of E. sativa and fractions also decreased MAP in hypertensive rats. The effects of H. helix extract on MAP in both normotensive and hypertensive rats were greater than E. sativa. The antihypertensive effect of extract and fractions of H. helix remained unchanged in the presence of atropine in normotensive rats excluding the involvement of muscarinic receptors. Erucin and HDC also induced antihypertensive effect in normotensive rats (unaffected by atropine) and hypertensive rats in-vivo. The underlying mechanisms of antihypertensive effect of extracts and compounds were further investigated in invitro experiments in rat aorta and atria. In rat aorta, extract and fractions of E. sativa produced vasorelaxant effect that was partially inhibited with L-NAME and atropine pretreatment indicating role of muscarinic receptor-linked nitric oxide (NO) pathway. This effect of extract and fractions was also partially eliminated with denudation of endothelium and aortic rings from hypertensive rats, also suggesting role of vascular endothelium. The vasorelaxant effect of n-hexane fraction was least, indicating that it might be due to presence of vasocontractile constituents, which may have role in vasomodulation. Erucin also produced incomplete relaxation in normotensive rat aorta, suggesting that it may be one of the constituents involved in vasomodulation. The vasorelaxant effect of H. helix and HDC was inhibited with L-NAME pretreatment and denudation but did not change with atropine pretreatment excluding role of muscarinic receptors. The extracts of both plants, erucin and HDC produced vasorelaxant effect against high K+ precontractions like verapamil. Extract of E. sativa and H. helix, fractions and compounds suppressed PE peak formation; erucin was less potent than HDC. In isolated at atrial strips, E. sativa and erucin induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects with a positive inotropic effect by the nhexane fraction, which was not affected by atropine pretreatment, suggesting that cardiac muscarinic receptors are not involved. The extract, fractions of H. helix and xii HDC caused depression of force and rate of atrial contraction which remained unchanged in the presence of atropine. To have possible chemical profile of the extract, spectrophotometric and HPLC analysis were carried out that showed the presence of quercetin and erucin in crude extract of E. sativa and HDC in H. helix. According to acute toxicity test, crude extract of E. sativa and H. helix were safe at 3 and 5 g/kg, respectively. In conclusion, the findings of present study indicated that E. sativa and H. helix are effective antihyperlipidemic and antihypertensive remedies. Both extracts and important constituent’s erucin and hederacoside C significantly reduced TC and LDL and preserved the endothelial disruption evident by histopathological and vascular dysfunction studies in-vitro. The preservation of endothelial dysfunction is due to decrease in LDL. The antihypertensive effect of E. sativa and H. helix extracts is possibly due to vasodilatory and cardiac effects. The endothelium-independent mechanisms involved inhibitory effect on calcium influx and release. Endothelium-dependent mechanisms involved muscarinic receptor linked NO mediated pathway. Erucin acted through endothelium-independent mechanism mediated by calcium antagonism. E. sativa and erucin showed negative inotropic and chronotropic effects, possible due to calcium channel blockade. Antihypertensive effect of H. helix extract and HDC are mediated through NO release inhibiting calcium release from stores and entry via VDCs also decrease cardiac rate and force of contractions. This data provide pharmacological base to medicinal use of E. sativa and H. helix in hyperlipidemia and hypertension. The presence of erucin in E. sativa and HDC in H. helix further support the findings and this study identified erucin and HDC as important constituents for the management of hyperlipidemia and hypertension.
المبحث الرابع: تعليمها یقول الشاعر ’’نزار‘‘ عن شقیقتہ إنھا نشأت وسط عائلۃ أدبیۃ وراثیاً أباً عن جد، فقد کان والد الشاعرۃ صادق الملائکۃ شاعراً مشھوراً وکاتباً، وألف وحدہ ’’دائرۃ معارف الناس‘‘ وذلک سیر وشخصیات الأعلام المشھورین الراحلین من العرب۔ تتکون من 36 مجلداً، وھي ربما محفوظۃ إلی الآن لدی ھيئة حکومیۃ في بغداد، وإلی الآن لم تطبع، وکانت والدتہا شاعرۃ أیضاً ولھا دیوان ’’أنشودۃ المجد‘‘ وکانت مشھورۃ بإسم ’’ أم نزار الملائکۃ‘‘ ولکن اسمھا الحقیقي ھو سلمی عبدالرازق الملائکۃ۔ یتضح من ذلک ثقافۃ والدیھا، وعندما بلغت نازک الملائکۃ الخامسۃ من عمرھا فکر أبویھا علی أن یدخلاھا المدرسۃ، فاختارو لھا الروضۃ التابعۃ للإبتدائیۃ المرکزیۃ في العاقولیۃ۔ وبعد أن انتھت من الدراسۃ الثانویۃ التحقت بمعھد المعلمین العالي وتخرجت سنۃ 1942م۔ درست نازک العزف علی العود، والتمثیل، واللغۃ اللاتینیۃ، واللغۃ الفرنسیۃ، والأدب الانکلیزي، واتجھت الی کتابۃ النثر عام 1951م، ومرضت والدتھا مرضاً مفاجئاً عام 1953 فکتبت قصیدۃ سمتھا ’’ثلاث مرات لأمي‘‘ ودرست في وسکنسن عام 1954، وسافرت الی بیروت۔ وفي عام 1958م قامت في العراق ثورہ 14 تموزہ وقبل ذلک قد عُینت مدرسۃ معیدۃ في کلیۃ التربیۃ في بغداد، فلما عادت 1960م في بیروت الی بغداد تعرفت الی زمیل جدید في قسم اللغۃ العربیۃ في الکلیۃ ھو الدکتور عبدالھادي محبوبۃ وتزوجتہ ومعھا لیسانس بالتربیۃ منذ 1944م من جامعۃ بغداد وأیضاً دخلت معھد الفنون وتخرجت سنۃ 1949م من قسم الموسیقي، وأنھا حصلت علی شھادۃ الماجستیر في الأدب المقارن من جامعۃ مادسن وسکونس عام 1950م من الولایات المتحدۃ الأمریکیۃ، ثم عُینت أستاذۃ في جامعۃ بغداد وجامعۃ البصرۃ وأخیراً جامعۃ الکویت۔
Library research is a data collection technique through the library in the form of literature books, and lecture materials that are relevant to the problem under study. In this study, the authors used the following data collection methods Research library (library research) It is a data collection technique through the library in the form of literature books, and lecture materials that are relevant to the problem under study. Field research (field research) is direct retrieval of the object under study by taking the following steps Observation, namely data collection through direct observation of the object under study, Interviews, namely conducting interviews with leaders and parties interested in the object of research.
The situation of air quality is worse in the developing countries where annually million lives are lost as a result of impaired air quality which stems from poor socio-economic conditions and lack of awareness. Although a few studies have been conducted regarding air pollution monitoring in Pakistan, no baseline data has been generated to gather information about the indoor air quality. Besides this, there is yet no practical implication to reduce and/or remove the load of pollutants present in the air. Moreover, the studies conducted so far have limited their focus on aerosol emissions from biomass burning and the associated health outcomes in rural areas. So far any detailed study on the indoor air quality of urban centers in Pakistan has not yet been reported. Particulate matter and bioaerosols are two of the most important components of the air we breathe as both of these are ubiquitous in the air. Many studies have reported a number of negative health outcomes owing to a prolonged exposure to these two pollutants and their synergistic effect is also documented to be detrimental for human health. Keeping in view the insufficient data regarding the concentration of fine particulate matter and bioaerosols in the indoor air of urban centers in Pakistan, the current study was designed to monitor the air quality of indoor micro-environments of residential houses (n = 30) of Lahore, Pakistan. The parameters monitored were fine particulate matter and bio-aerosols. PM2.5 was monitored using DustTrak aerosol monitor (model 8520, TSI Inc.) while Koch sedimentation method was employed for microbial sampling. The kitchens and living rooms were identified as two major micro-environments of any residential household and thus were marked to be monitored at each of the selected sites. The ventilation rates were also measured using the tracer gas method with carbon dioxide as the tracer gas. PM2.5 monitoring was carried out for 72 hours each with both micro-environments being monitored in parallel while agar coated Petri plates were exposed for twenty minutes at each location to collect the bacteria and fungi suspended in the air settling by gravity. Temperature and relative humidity were also noted during bio-aerosol sampling. Our results were indicative of poor air quality in the residential indoor environments of Lahore. The 24-h average PM2.5 levels at any of the monitored site were manifolds higher than the WHO recommended limits of 25μg/m³. Overall, the mean levels of fine particulate matter exceeded 13 times the WHO limits. It was observed that cooking, cleaning, movement of people, space heating (during winters) and smoking (in some houses) were the principal indoor sources of particulate pollution. Maximum and minimum air change rate per hour (ACH) was determined for each micro-environment to observe the influence of ventilation on the indoor air quality and was observed to have a significant impact upon PM levels. Low ventilation rates during winter season as well as meteorological factors resulted in elevated PM levels indoors during the colder months. The exposure risk of the inhabitants, most particularly women and small children, was greatly increased as they spent maximum time indoors. The micro-biota of the sampled sites was comprised of common genera which were also identified as opportunistic pathogens. The bacterial composition was consisting of seven species including Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus spp., with occasional record of Serratia spp. Among the eleven fungal species identified, the dominant ones were Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus spp., with Trichoderma, Mucor, Fusarium and Rhizopus also detected in less numbers. The colony forming units per cubic meter for bacteria ranged from 472 to 9,829 in the kitchens and from 275 to 14,469 in the living rooms. Likewise, the fungal cfu/m3 ranged between 234 and 1887 in the kitchen and from 314 to 1887 in the living room. A seasonal variation in bioaerosols was evident in the kitchens while being not so pronounced in the living rooms. Linear regression model exhibited a direct association of temperature with bacteria and fine particulate matter but not with fungi. Out of thirty monitored households, sixteen contained at least one individual with allergic reactions from dust or during wheat harvesting season. These findings highlight the enhanced risk of exposure to fine particulate matter as well as bioaerosols in the urban residential built environment in Pakistan. The study holds its significance in being the first of its kind as previously no data focusing on simultaneously measured PM and bioaerosol levels in the urban centres of Pakistan has been reported. With the lack of any definite policies, the area of indoor air quality has been ignored at large. It is recommended that more detailed studies must be conducted to monitor air quality in the built micro-environments and guidelines should be formulated to keep a check on the contaminant levels indoors.