Saadullah, Malik
PhD
Bahauddin Zakariya University
Multan
KPK
Pakistan
2015
Completed
Applied Sciences
English
http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8858/1/MALIK%20SAAD%20ULLAH%20PHD-PHARMACY.%20PDF%20THESIS.pdf
2021-02-17 19:49:13
2024-03-24 20:25:49
1676727283328
67. Al-Mulk/The Sovereignty
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
67:01
a. Blessed is HE WHO holds the reins of Sovereignty over all existence in HIS Hand,
b. and HE Manifests Sovereignty over all existence.
67:02
a. The One WHO created the phenomenon of the death and the life.
b. So that HE may test you between life and death to see which one of you would be most virtuous in deeds that pleased HIM.
c. And HE is The Almighty, The Ever-Forgiving.
67:03
a. It is also HE WHO created the seven celestial realms, one above the other in full harmony with one another.
b. You will not see any imperfection in this creation of The Immensely Merciful.
c. Then turn up your sight again!
d. Can you see any discrepancy or flaw?
67:04
a. Then turn up your sight again and again!
b. Your sight will come back to you bewildered and fatigued, unable to find any discrepancy
or flaw.
67:05
a. And, indeed, WE adorned the lowest sky to the earthly life with lamps,
b. and WE made such shooting stars/meteors that would fend off every approaching satanic evil force,
c. and, additionally, WE have prepared for them the punishment of the Blazing Fire.
67:06
a. And for those who disbelieve in their Rabb- The Lord is the punishment of Hell.
b. And it is going to be an awful and woeful destination!
67:07
a. As they would be flung into it, they will hear its furor - as it boils up,
67:08قانون ٹارٹ كا فقہ اسلامى كى روشنى میں جائزہ
Tort law is an umbrella term for laws which cover issues of civil wrongs like defamation, trespassing and the other actions involving violation of law. In case a person has undergone a physical, legal or any economic harm then he can file a suit under the tort law. Torts are civil wrongs recognized by law as grounds for a lawsuit. It is also generally known that tort in Islamic fiqh as “Jinayet”. This paper attempts to analys by Islamic law in thel light of the relevant verses for the Qur’an followed by the rules stated in traditions from the Prophet (Peace by on him). Jinayat the part of Shari’a that applies to homicide or physical injury is called jinayat and is based on the pre-Islamic rules of Arab blood feud, as modified by Prophet (Peace be on him). The punishment is either retaliation or blood money (diyat). Retaliation occurs only upon the request of the victim, if alive, or his nearest kin if the victim is dead, and is to be inflicted by victim or kin. In the case of homicide retaliation means death, in the case of injury it means imposing an identical injury. Where retaliation is one of the options, the victim or his closest kinsman may demand blood money instead, or negotiate an out of court settlement. Jinayat, like modern tort law, is based on private action; there is no official responsible for initiating the case. Ripple Free Torque Operation in Switched Reluctance Motors
This thesis investigates the control of current and torque at different speed of the switched reluctance motor observing the motor constructional properties, mathematical model equations, operating principle and power converter topologies. The switched reluctance motor has gained popularity in industry with the fact that it is simple to construct and suitable for harsh environment. The electromechanical energy conversion is produced from rather simple machine design than as it is done in conventional motors. The other advantages are its rugged construction, low maintenance cost, and ability to operate over a wide speed range at constant power. The merits of switched reluctance motors are marred by the requirement of expensive control and its innate torque ripple issue, which is also a cause of vibration and acoustic noise. Torque ripple is produced from successive excitation of phase currents. The current through phase windings produces magnetic force with tangential and radial components where former component contributes to the average torque production and the latter is the major cause of vibration and acoustic noise in switched reluctance motors. Torque ripple reduction leads to smooth operation, thus it also improves the vibration and acoustic noise. This reduction can be achieved either through better machine design or with superior control techniques. Better machine design involves basic design parameters like number of stator poles, rotor poles and also their shape which is generally determined using detailed magnetic analysis. In this piece of work literature review of both approaches is included but the latter current control approach is adopted for detailed research. This thesis also discusses the split stator winding technique to improve reduction in torque ripple. This is unique strategy to introduce a compensation torque and remarkable reduction in torque ripple. This technique requires the slight change in shape of stator. This technique has ability to eliminate the negative torque generation and also the starting problem in switched reluctance motors. The control techniques deal with the electronic part of complete drive systems. The torque and current are directly related to each other, so the torque control can be implied by current control methods. This dissertation discusses the new current control technique with efficient bipolar power converter for torque ripple mitigation control. This piece of work also elaborates the new unique strategy of split stator winding for torque ripple reduction. In this thesis motor mathematical model is simulated using new control strategy along with two power converter topologies, conventional asymmetric half bridge converter and proposed symmetric full bridge converter. In addition split stator winding technique is simulated with suggested bipolar drive to show the improvement in ripple reduction. The experimental setup is also included in this thesis, where specific motor is operated using complete drive system. The design and implementation of this drive system is discussed in detail. This drive system is capable to perform both conventional and bipolar operations. At the end, practical results and simulated results are acquired and compared. The effect of excitation and de-excitation angles on torque production is observed and simulated. Torque and current relationship is observed to conclude which drive is suitable for smooth torque operation and have better current control at different speeds. The apparent cost difference is also analyzed and it is found that full bridge drive is more suitable for general purpose solution in industry with bearable increase in cost.