Nephrolithiasis has severe ramifications with respect to health and management cost. Current modalities of treatment though very effective in getting provisional relief from stones are not devoid of side effects and also fail to avert the recurrence, which is in fact the main concern of patients with kidney stones. Hajrul yahood, Phyllanthus niruri and Cystone have been used in folk medicine since ages and are well known for their lithotriptic and anti- urolithic properties. The present study was carried out at the animal house of Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam to evaluate the litholytic and anti -urolithic effects of Hajrul yahood, Sang sarmahi, Phyllanthus niruri and cystone on glyoxylate induced nephrolithiatic rats. For this purpose, seventy eight male wistar rats were equally divided into thirteen groups of six rats each. Hajrul yahood, Sang sarmahi and Phyllanthus niruri were administered either alone or in combination of equal quantity of each by weight. Cystone given alone was also utilized as a standard drug to compare the effects of Hajrul Yahood, Sang Sarmahi and Phyllanthus Niruri on calcium oxalate kidney stones. Calcium oxalate crystallization was induced by intraperitoneal injections of Glyoxalate prior to start of the treatment in the litholytic groups and was administered along with the test drugs in the groups. At the completion of treatment period, serum samples from 42 rats in groups; and both the kidneys from all the experimental rats were recovered. Serum was analyzed for the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT); and levels of calcium, magnesium, oxalate and creatinine. Right kidney was homogenized with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and centrifuged. Supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for the levels of SOD, GPX, CAT, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The left kidney was fixed in Bouin liquid, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin H&E for histological examination under polarized light microscope. Serum analysis results showed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes and magnesiumlevel in rat groups treated with cystone, combination, HY and PN were lower in the order given as against the negative controls, but were significantly higher than that of the positive controls (p<0.05). Serum calcium level was found to be in normal range in cystone, combination, HY and PN treated groups of rats, but it was lower than normal in positive controls. Both serum oxalate and creatinine levels were detected to be significantly lower in cystone, combination, HY and PN treated groups of rats as compared with positive controls. A similar comparison of the parameters measured in tissue samples revealed that antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced glutathione level were significantly enhanced in cystone, combination, HY, and PN treated groups of rats as against the positive controls. In contrast, tissue MDA levels were seen to be significantly lower in cystone, combination, HY and PN treated groups of rats than the positive controls. Histological findings of renal tissue sections were also consistent with the serum and tissue chemistries showing lesser damage to the kidney tissue and calcification in cystone, combination and HY treated groups of rats as against the positive controls. Cystone in comparison to combined treatment exhibited better nephro-protection against hyperoxaluria induced oxidative stress because of its increased antioxidant enzyme activities and increased glutathione and magnesium levels. In conclusion, present study has demonstrated the litholytic,and nephroprotective effects of cystone, HY and PN due to their high antioxidant capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation in glyoxylate induced hyperoxaluric rats and also due to their ability to reduce oxalate synthesis. Sang sarmahi however, in contrast to the general notion has failed to exhibit any significant litholytic and anti urolithic effects at the dose used in present study.
آج کا طالب علم غیر ذمہ دارہے نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!السلام علیکم ! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر گفتگو کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’آج کا طالب علم غیر ذمہ دار ہے‘‘ جنابِ صدر! آج کا طالب علم واقعی غیر ذمہ دار ہے، اس کی ہمہ وقت الیکٹرانک میڈیا کے ساتھ نشست ، پورا وقت غیر ضروری پروگرام کی سماعت، جملہ اوقات ضرور یہ کے ضیاع میں دلچسپی، یہ تمام امور اسی بات کے غماض ہیں کہ اس دور میں علم کے طالب غیر ذمہ دار ہیں۔ جنابِ والا! تعلیم کے حصول میں چستی ،لگن اور دلچسپی انتہائی اہمیت کی حامل ہیں ، چاک وچوبند طالب علم حصول علم میں کوئی دقیقہ فروگذاشت نہیں کرتا۔ تساہل، غفلت، سستی اور کاہلی کے چیتھڑوں میں ملبوس نونہال کسی میدان میں بھی کار ہائے نمایاں سرانجام نہیں دے سکتا اور یہی خصلت ِقبیحہ اسے غیر ذمہ دار بناتی ہے۔ صدرِ ذی وقار! آج کا طالب علم غیر ذمہ دار کیوں ہے، اس لیے کہ اسے وقت کی قدرنہیں ہے، اپنے عظیم لمحات زیست وہ لہو د لعب میں گزار دیتا ہے۔ وقت کا ضیاع اور اس عظیم نعمت کی بے قدری اس کی فطرت ثانیہ بن چکی ہے۔ وقت کی قدرنہ کرنے والانو نہال کبھی شجر سایہ دار نہیں بن سکتا اور ایسی چیز اس کے جسم و جان سے ذمہ داری کی قوت لایموت کوختم کردیتی ہے۔ محترم سامعین! جدید سائنسی ایجاد موبائل کے غیر ضروری استعمال نے اس سے صفت ذمہ داری چھین لی ہے اور وہی ہمہ وقت اس ایجاد سے وابستہ رہنے کے باعث دیگر ضروری امور کی انجام دہی سے قاصر رہتا ہے، نیز اس میں مشغولیت کی بدولت اپنے وقت...
Now a days while Globalization has become talk of the street and through the knowledge explosion and media coverage and access it apparently seems that the world has really squeezed into a globe in hand. Before the terminology of Globalization World Order was introduced after the Gulf War. From there onwards different interpretations were presented by the people aiming World Orders, Globalization off which the international hegemony of Super Power is the right one. To achieve the goal of dominating the world and controlling all the resources became the target of Globalization. By this way Globalization became a dangerous weapon for humankind. Therefore protests and demonstrations were seen against the unwanted designs of Globalization. In this article on one hand new meanings of Globalization are introduced and on the other hand the deep rooted constructive aspect of Islamic Globalization is introduced in comparison with Western Globalization. In this way this article presents an interesting study of two civilizations
This case study was aimed at analyzing the current status of foreign language teachers’ professional
development (FLTPD) at NUML, with focus on key areas of training & qualification, key teaching competencies,
enabling competencies, and professionalism and measures taken by concerned authorities for their
professional development (PD) in these areas. “European Profiling Grid” for language teachers’ PD was used
as conceptual framework.
This multiple instrumental case study was delimited to foreign language (FL) teachers working in 15 FL
departments of NUML and each department was considered as a case. It was a mixed method descriptive
research; both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to collect and analyze data. Triangulation
design was used; multiple perspectives were considered, involving FL teachers, their heads and university
administration. Questionnaire, semi-structured interview and document analysis were used for data
collection, which were designed keeping in view the conceptual framework. Data was collected during spring
2015, was analyzed for each of the 15 cases separately and later merged together for interpretation.
This study analyzed the current situation of different factors that affect PD including working conditions,
developmental stages of teachers and their organization. Findings of this study revealed that although
opportunities are being provided but most of them are not specifically designed for FL teachers. More focused
PD is needed to improve these areas, especially education & training, assessed teaching, methodology:
knowledge & skills, and digital media need further development. Other problems faced by FL teachers include
limited opportunities of higher education in Pakistan, lack of personal resources and organizational support
for going to TL countries, unclear administrative policies, inadequate facilities for research, lack of time and
human resources, lack of leadership, absence of qualified FL teacher educators, lack of collegial sharing and
interaction, no access to latest material and technology, absence of motivation and incentives etc.
This study provided statistics and recommendations for the introduction and development of an adequate
and uniform process of PD according to the needs and levels of FL teachers and need of specific FLTPD through
professional FL teacher educators was emphasized in the recommendations.