الاستخبارات في العهد المكي: دراسة تحليلية

Security is most important need of every state and community. Surveillance and keeping eye on the enemy are the core responsibilities of every state. All the absolute qualities of a leader can be found in The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Therefore, the first nucleus of security education was in Makkah and expanded with the expansion of the Da’wah till the declaration of Madina as a Islamic state. There are various studies on the subject of surveillance, but they did not cover all aspects of Sīrah in Makkī era regarding the various steps and methods of surveillance. This article investigates how the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) maintained the security measures during Makkī era to ensure the security of all his companions and followers. In the First section of this article definition and history of intelligence was discussed, followed by the various techniques of surveillance used in different occasions by the Prophet (P.B.U.H). The last section of the article focused on the techniques used in Makkī era. The article further elaborates the practical steps taken by Prophet (P.B.U.H) to secure his companions and their families from the opponents to the extent possible, like migration to Habash and finally to Madina which concluded in establishment of a free state for Muslims.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Bioactive Palladium Ii Complexes

In the present study, 62 heteroleptic Pd(II) complexes have been synthesized by reacting PdCl2 with sodium dithiocarbamate salt and different organophosphine in mixed solvent system of methanol and acetone. The different dithiocarbamate ligands used were sodium salt of dibenzylcarbamodithioate (L1), (4-chlorobenzyl)(4-methylbenzyl)carbamodithioate (L2), benzyl(cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-ylmethyl)carbamodithioate (L3), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-carbamodithioate (L4), 4-benzhydrylpiperazine-1-carbamodithioate (L5), dimethylcarbamodithioate (L6), diethylcarbamodithioate (L7), and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamodithioate (L8). The organophosphines used were triphenylphosphine, diphenyl-p-tolylphosphine, tri-p-tolylphosphine, tris-p-chlorophenylphosphine, tris-p-fluorophenylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine, tri-m-tolylphosphine, tris(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, chlorodiphenylphosphine, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane. These complexes were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques like elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C and 31P) NMR and single crystal XRD. DFT calculations were also carried out for some representative complexes (1-10). The neutral complexes (1-42) showed a pseudo square planar geometry around palladium metal with two cis sites occupied by a bidentate dithiocarbamate moiety forming four-membered chelate ring (PdS2C) and the remaining two are occupied by a chloride and a monodentate organophosphine. However, in the cationic complexes (43-58) the latter cis positions are occupied by the phosphorous atoms of the bidentate organophosphine. The chlorodiphenylphosphine was oxidized in the aforementioned solvent system and unexpected products were obtained with two phosphine oxide attached to the metal center through phosphorous in cis position (59-62). Some of the representative ligands and complexes were screened for in vitro cytotoxic activity against human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) using MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide methods using doxorubicin as standard drugs. Generally, the heteroleptic Pd(II) complexes comprising bidentate organophosphine, {1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane}, fluoro and iv uncoordinated group (carbonyl and oxygen) were found to be most active as compared to the standard drug (doxorubicin). The selected Pd(II) complexes were also evaluated to check their cytotoxicity using brine shrimp assay. The highest activity was found for compounds containing oxygen and fluoro substituents.