The toxicity of heavy metals, aluminium, arsenic, barium, chromium, nickel and zinc in the water, sediments, plankton and fish at the three main public fishing sites of the river Ravi, Shahdara bridge, Baloki headworks and Sidhnai barrage has been studied for one year. The water, sediments, plankton and fish samples were collected on monthly basis. Five fish of each species belonging to both major carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala and carnivore fish i.e. Rita rita, Mystus sperata and Wallago attu were sampled randomly for analyses. The concentrations of aluminium, arsenic, barium, chromium, nickel and zinc in the fish body organs, gills, liver, kidney, intestine, reproductive organs, skin, muscle, fins, scales, bones and fats were determined. The water physico-chemical variables, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, total alkalinity, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total nitrates, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorides and total ammonia were analyzed on monthly basis and their relationships with the uptake and accumulation of metals in water, bed sediments and planktonic biomass (dry weight) were established. In the river Ravi aquatic ecosystem the relative variability of metals followed the order: aluminium>zinc>nickel>chromium>arsenic>barium. Among the three public fishing sites, Sahahdara bridge had significantly higher metallic toxicity of water, sediments and planktonic biota attributed to the bulk discharges of untreated effluents, originated from adjacent industrial areas, discharged through various small tributaries , Mahmood Booti nulla, Hudiara nulla, Shad Bagh nulla, Farrukhabad nulla, Munshi Hospital nulla and Taj Company nulla. The metallic toxicity of both sediments and plankton, in the river Ravi, followed the order: aluminium>zinc>nickel>chromium>arsenic>barium. However, the toxicity of these metals fluctuated significantly at all the three sampling stations with season. Metallic toxicity of water at all the three sites was generally low but the contamination levels in both sediments and biota were significantly higher. Among the metals, aluminium and zinc concentrations in water, sediments and plankton were significantly higher. The toxicity of aluminium, zinc, nickel, chromium and arsenic in water showed variability that was dependent upon total alkalinity and pH of water while chromium toxicity showed inverse relationship with water temperature. The elevated levels of all metals in the river bed sediments beyond the permissible limits indicated the failure of detoxification ability of sediments in the river Ravi due to continuous influx of heavy metals discharged through various tributaries. The uptake and accumulation of all metals by the sediments and plankton were dependent positively and significantly upon metallic toxicity of water. However, metallic ion uptake by the plankton showed significantly direct dependence on the metallic toxicity of sediments. The fish at Shahdara bridge had significantly higher metals in their body organs than those collected from the both Baloki headworks and Sidhnai barrage. Significantly higher accumulation of metals were observed in fish liver, followed by that of kidney, gills, intestine, reproductive organs, skin, scales, fins, bones, muscles and fats. The significant enrichment of metals in fish body organs showed direct dependence on the metallic toxicity of water, sediments and plankton. All the organs of both herbi– and carnivorous fish species showed significantly variable accumulation of metals that followed the sequence: liver > kidney > gills > intestine > reproductive organs > scale > skin > fins > bones > muscles > fats. Fish liver and kidney showed significantly higher abilities for the accumulation of all metals while the same remained significantly lowest in fish muscle and fats. The health status of river Ravi at three main public fishing sites, Shahdara bridge, Baloki headworks and Sidhnai barrage, with respect to eco-toxicity of aluminium, arsenic, barium, chromium, nickel and zinc, was above the recommended standards of EPA (USA) and Pakistan. Based on the calculated individual contamination factors, the metallic toxicity was in the order of aluminium>zinc>nickel>chromium>arsenic>barium posing highest risk to the sustainability of river ecosystem. The risks associated with the consumption of fish, irrespective of the source of fish, are higher since the levels of aluminium, arsenic, barium, chromium, nickel and zinc in fish have been found above their respective EPA (USA) permissible limits. Therefore, potential of danger may become more severe in future depending upon the extent of industrial and domestic wastewater influx into the river Ravi due to man-made activities in the adjacent areas.
اس طرح کے لوگ ہوں گے کم تمہارے شہر میں کون سے آسیب کے سائے نے گھیرا ہے انہیں زخمیان عشق شاید ہیں زیادہ اس لیے عام لوگوں کی یہاں اب دسترس میں کچھ نہیں پر فضا اس شہر کی آب و ہوا کوکیا ہوا
جس طرح کہ در بدر ہیں ہم تمہارے شہر میں روز دیکھا موت کا عالم تمہارے شہر میں ہر جگہ ہے بک رہا مر ہم تمہارے شہر میں ارزاں اگر ملتا ہے تو بس غم تمہارے شہر میں اس طرح گھٹتا کہاں تھا دم تمہارے شہر میں
Mufti Muhammad Shafi' was a great spiritual leader, Pakistan's grand mufti and a renowned Islamic scholar as well. He served in different fields with his knowledge, research and writings. He translated and wrote the interpretation of the Holy Qur’ān, he had keen grasp on Fiqh, Hadith and other religious affairs. Thousands of fatwas had been issued by him and he built a well known Islamic university named ‘Jamia Darul uloom Karachi.’ He participated in politics as well for the national cause and struggled too much for the Islamic contribution in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. This research paper is about his efforts that he made for the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be on him). He wrote several books on Seerat-e-Nabawi, he defended Khatm-e-Nubuwwat and fought against Qadyaniyyat. This report has the abstract frame on specific grounds regarding Sīrah, Sunnah and teachings of Holy Prophet. It will portray a very brief description on Mufti Shafi's services in Sīrah's aspect.
Quality management has been emerged with promising organizational performance outcomes around the business world and has brought healthy prospective for the modern era business organizations to meet the challenge of continuous quality improvement to satisfy the customer demands. Organizations are forced to ensure the quality of their products and services to meet the challenges posed by the competition existing in the markets around the globe, growing customers’ awareness of market development, ever- escalating quality demands from customers, and the urge of organizations to strive for winning the competitive edge at marketplace. This dissertation provides the insight of quality management status of cotton yarn industry of Pakistan by addressing the issue of quality management implementation in the industry and its performance outcomes. This dissertation is meant to evaluate that whether the quality management programs, which proved very effective in improving organizational performance in the advanced countries, could be successful in the organizations belong to developing country like Pakistan. The existing literature of quality management is mostly based on research performed in advanced countries, to contribute in the body of knowledge of quality management this study is conducted in the cotton yarn industry of Pakistan. The organizational culture, management style, human resources and the managerial perspectives are considered critical factors in defining the success or failure of the quality management programs. Hence, it is worthwhile to appraise the effect of quality management practices in improving the quality of yarn and organizational performance in context of cotton yarn industry of Pakistan, which is presumably characterized with a specific organizational culture, management style, human resources, and managerial perspectives. Within this research objective, the research problem was established as “What level of Quality management implementation is achieved by cotton yarn industry of Pakistan, and how much quality management is effective in improving quality of cotton yarn industry?” To address the main research problem, four research activities were planned. The first research activity was to have exhaustive hypothetical and pragmatic knowledge about the concepts, principals, practices, and the issues related to quality management implementation in organizational context. This research activity was imperative to discover quality management approaches to develop a research structure to evaluate the level of implementation of quality management techniques by the cotton yarn industry of Pakistan. The second research activity was to explore the empirical interrelationship of quality management practices implemented in organizational context of the cotton yarn industry of Pakistan. The third research activity was to identify the relationship of quality management techniques with the performance measures in the organizational perspectives of cotton yarn industry of Pakistan. The fourth research activity was to evaluate the effect of implementation of quality management techniques on organizational performance and quality improvement of cotton yarn. To comply with these research activities, main research problem was re- defined into four sub-questions vii. What level of adoption of quality management techniques is achieved by the cotton yarn industry of Pakistan? ii. How do quality management techniques interrelated in the work environment of the cotton yarn industry of Pakistan? iii. How does implementation of quality management techniques linked with the performance measures of cotton yarn industry of Pakistan? iv. What effect implementation of quality management techniques has observed on the quality of yarn in the cotton yarn industry of Pakistan? In addressing research question 1, the findings of this research show that cotton yarn industry of Pakistan has implemented quality management techniques with a moderate level, and quality management programs are receiving positive response from the industry. In addressing research question 2, the findings of this research show that in the organizational environment of cotton yarn industry of Pakistan, all the quality management techniques have significant positive correlation with each other, except the practice of changing the suppliers for their failure in maintaining the promised quality level. In addressing research question 3, the findings of this research show that implementation of quality techniques is positively linked with the organizational performance measures, except the practice of changing the suppliers for their failure in achieving and maintaining the minimum level of quality, that has negative effect on performance measures. In addressing research question 4, the finding of this research show that in the in context of cotton yarn industry of Pakistan, the implementation of quality management techniques proved to have a significant positive impact on profitability, market share, sale volume, reduction in rejection rate, and organizational performance.