Keeping in view the low fertilizer, less organic matter in soil and small holdings for sugarcane-sugar beet in Pakistan, the present research work was started at the Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan during 2009-10 and 2010-11 to make available a possible pack up of reserve management technology to sugarcane and sugar beet farmers under dry region. Three experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement and four replications. The treatment size was 4.5 m x 5 m (22.5 m2). Approved sugarcane varity “HSF-240” and sugar beet varity “Antak” was used in all experiments.In first experiment, six NPK doses F0 (0-0-0), F1 (100-100-100), F2 (150-150- 150), F3 (200-200-200), F4 (250-250-250), and F5 (300-300-300) NPK kg ha-1 and sugar beet was intercropped in sugarcane with 90 cm spaced row. In second experiment, manures @ 10 t ha-1(farm yard manure, press mud, compost) in combination with NPK 100-100-100 and 250-250-250 NPK kg ha-1. Sugar beet was intercropped in sugarcane with 90 cm spaced row. In third experiment, three planting geometries 75 cm spaced single row strips, 30/90 cm row strips, 30/120 cm row strips and sugar beet intercrop in sugarcane were practiced. Data were recorded on various growth and yield parameters like germination (%), millable cane (m-2), individual cane weight (kg), sugar recovery (%), stirpcane yield, and sugar yield of sugarcane, whereas, beet germination (%), number of beets (m-2), individual beet weight (kg), beet sugar recovery (%), and beet sugar yield (t ha-1) were recorded in sugar beet, benefit cost ratio (BCR), in all experiments. In first trial the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) and land equivalent ratio were obtained from the combination of NPK application @ 250: 250:250 NPK kg ha-1, when sugar beet was intercropped in sugarcane. In second trial, maximum economic benefit was obtained with FYM + 250:250:250 NPK kg ha-1, in sugarcane intercropped with sugarbeet. In the third trial maximum economic benefit was obtained fromplanting geometry of 30/90 cm row strips when sugar beet was intercropped in sugarcane. It is concluded that sugarcane growers of arid areas can get maximum return when sugarcane is planted in 30/90 cm spaced paired row strips with FYM 10 tons ha-1 and 250:250:250 NPK kg ha-1 in sugarcane intercropped with sugarbeet. Better water and fertilizer use efficiency of autumn sugarcane on above mentioned soils was noted due to enhanced light interception. Cultural operations in standing crop like irrigation, fertilization, weeding, hoeing, earthing up and foliar spray of pesticides are easily carried out as ample interstrip space was available. Minimum lodging was observed due to availability of adequate space among the paired row strips.
Sīrah is the topic which started during 1st Hijrah, from that time till now there are several books written on this topic, there is no such personality in history other than Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) whose biography from his birth till his death is preserved in such a manner. None of the aspect of his life is hidden, there was no such personality in history that was praised to such an extent. There are so many books written on the Sīrah of Holy Prophet (PBUH), but the one which was written by Allama Ibn-e-Kathir is indeed unique among them all. During his era there were too many books written on Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah but his command on Ḥadith and Fiqh made his work unique among others, he added authentic Aḥadith and narrations in his book and included such points which remained hidden from other authors. His book consists of 4 parts, and also includes Fiqh al Sīrah, which shows his great command over Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). The work of Ibn-e-Kathir helps in deeply understanding the Sīrah of Prophet.
Grains are among the most important staple food and Pakistan has made a significant advance in increasing grain yield through the introduction of high yielding genotypes including new packages of production technologies. However, care is to be taken for storage conditions and storage periods for maintaining nutritive values, seed viability and vigor. This study therefore was conducted to determine how storage sources, storage periods and temperature regimes affect physical and chemical properties, and germinability traits of seeds of various wheat varieties. Laboratory experiments were conducted at Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan, located at (25o25’60’N 68o31’60’E) during 2008 and 2009. The study on seed quality assessment of different wheat varieties in various seed storage structures consisted of five wheat varieties (Moomal- 2000, TJ- 83, Imdad-2005, Abadgar-93 and Mehran-89), five storage sources (Jute bags kept under open sky covered with plastic, jute bags kept in closed storage, plastic bags kept in closed storage, earthen silos, and iron bins), and two storage durations (90 and180 days). The maximum seed index was observed for Imdad-2005 stored in iron bins. Seed moisture content was also higher in Moomal-2000 stored in iron bins, however, germination was superior in Moomal-2000 stored in earthen silos, and or plastic and jute bags kept in closed storage, or under open sky covered with plastic sheets. Higher protein content was found in Moomal-2000, TJ-83, Mehran-89 and Imdad-2005 stored in jute bags kept in closed storage or under open sky covered with plastic sheets. Wet gluten was greater in seeds of Mehran-89 and Abadgar-93 stored in jute bags kept in closed storage or under open sky covered with plastic sheets. Starch and ash contents were better in Moomal-2000 stored in jute bags kept under open sky covered with plastic sheets or in iron bins. Lipid content and falling number were more in TJ-83 stored in all types of storage sources. EC was higher in seed of Moomal-2000 stored in all types of storages. The seed N accumulation was more in TJ-83 and Mehran-89 stored in jute bags kept under open sky covered with plastic sheets or kept in closed storage, whereas, seed P and K contents were superior in Moomal-2000 stored in various storage sources. Minimum seed index was observed in variety TJ-83 stored in any type of storage source, moisture content in Mehran-89 kept in jute bags placed in open sky. However, lowest germination, protein and wet gluten percentage were recorded in variety Abadgar-93 stored in iron bins and jute bags stored in closed stores respectively, starch in Abadgar-93 stored in plastic bags, ash in TJ-83 kept in jute bags (covered with plastic sheets) and lipids in Mehran-89 stored in iron bins. The lower EC and falling number were noted in Mehran-89 and Abadgar-93 stored in jute bags and placed under open sky covered with plastic sheets and closed stores.The study on effect of different temperature regimes on the germinability of different wheat varieties revealed highest germination in Abadgar-93 kept at 30oC, shoot length in Moomal-2000 and Mehran-89 was higher when kept at 20 and 30oC, respectively. Root length, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, and dry root weight were recorded higher in variety Mehran-89 kept at 30oC. Seed vigor index is the concept where evaluation is made on the germination percentage and seedling growth within first 6-7 days and variety Mehran-89 proved more vigorous than rest of varieties. It is concluded that all the wheat varieties were found suitable for milling, bread, chapatti and yeast leavened bread containing adequate protein, starch, ash, wet gluten, lipids etc. The information obtained in this study is useful for researchers, farmers, millers, bakers and daily cereal users for the selection of suitable variety. Regarding storage sources, iron bins are recommended for seed storage for maintaining physico-chemical properties other than seed purpose. For the seed purpose, earthen silos, and or plastic and jute bags kept in closed storage, or under open sky covered with plastic sheets are appropriate seed storage sources. It is further recommended that temperature ranging between 20 and 30oC is the optimum temperature regime for wheat seed germination and related traits.