Malnutrition is a condition in which lack, surplus or inequity of macro and/or micro nutrients in the food exert unfavorable impacts on mental, physical and functional characteristic of body. Half of all children in Pakistan are chronically malnourished (stunted) while 11 % are acutely malnourished (wasted). Malnourished children acquire infections more quickly than the normal. This situation has created high mortality and morbidity rates in less than 5 years of age, undermining their mental and physical growth and leading to significant economic impact on the country’s development and prosperity. WHO recommended two therapeutic formula milks F-75 as a starter and F-100 as a catch-up for rebuilding of wasted tissues in acute malnourished children. Keeping in view the malnutrition severity in children of Pakistan and importance of probiotics, a study was designed to compare locally prepared (LF-75 and 100) and commercial (F-75 and 100) provided by UNICEF with the addition of probiotics. Project was divided into 3 studies as Study-I: Preparation of LF-75 and LF-100 and their physiochemical comparison with F75 and F100 was carried out. Both local formulae were prepared from sugar, vegetable oil, whole dried milk powder and mineral mixed according to the quid lines of WHO. The analyses of these formulae milk show non-significant (p>0.05) difference in pH (6.51-6.58), acidity (0.13-0.14%) and lactose (1.30-1.31 and 4.12-4.24%), while the differences was significant (P<0.05) regarding moisture (84.62-85.86 and 81.97-83.43 %), fat (2.94-2.65 and 5.80-6.08%), Protein (0.84-0.94 and 2.57-2.64%), ash (0.35-0.50 and 0.50-0.70%), calcium (50.3-75-35.5 and 579.2-305.2 mg/ 100 g), Fe (1.3-2.3 and 3.1-2.3 mg/ 100 g), Cu (0.19-0.22 and 2.7-1.2 mg/ 100g), Zn (1.9-1.13 and 20.20-15.02 mg/100g), SNF (7.99-7.26 and 13.62-12.62%) and density (1.57-1.03 and 1.47-1.03 g/cm3). In Study-II; the probiotics were added to above formulae milk samples and their viability and efficacy was assessment through biological studies. For this part of study 12 different treatments were prepared (F-75, F-75+P1, F-75+P2, LF-75, LF-75+P1, LF-75+P2, F-100, F-100+P1, F-100+P2, LF-100, LF-100+P1 and LF-100+P2) using probiotics P1: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12) and P2: Streptococcus thermophilus (TH-4®), Lactobacillus paracasei 431® and BB-12. This study was divided into four distinct stages. In stage-1 acclimatization of the rats was done with standard diet, while in stage-2, malnutrition was induced by providing nutrient deficient diet. In stage-3, F-75 were provided 2 weeks and then F-100 formulae (both) were implemented. The viability of probiotics at 0 and 24 hours was examined and found that storage time, diet sources and probiotics had significant (p<0.01) influence on the viability of probiotics. The number of probiotics increased enough were present to carry out the therapeutic activities. The viable count were in both samples F-75, F-100, LF-75 and LF-100 containing P2 probiotics followed by the samples containing P1. A significant change (p<0.01) in weight, albumin, blood glucose and other attributes of blood was estimated before and after malnutrition. Glucose, albumin, hemoglobin and WPC were increased in rats who were administrated with F-75 and F-100 containing P1 and P2 followed by the LF-75 and LF-100 containing xviii P1 and P2. Histopathological examination showed the normal results of liver and kidney after getting the therapeutic diet except control. The nanofibers containing probiotics prepared with 9% poly vinyl alcohol showed homogenous, uniform, bead free and smooth texture. Considering the prolonged viability of nanofibers containing probiotics was noted at room temperature. It is concluded from the locally prepare milk formulae containing probiotics could be helpful to reduce rate of malnutrition in children.
پروفیسر سید حسن مرحوم افسوس کہ ۱۸؍ نومبر ۸۸ء کی صبح ۳۰:۸ بجے اردو اور فارسی کے نامور معلم محقق جناب پروفیسر سید حسن کا پٹنہ میڈیکل کالج میں انتقال ہوگیا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ چند دنوں پہلے ان پر فالج کا حملہ ہوا تھا، انتقال کے وقت ان کی عمر تقریباً ۷۸ برس کی تھی۔ وہ ۱۹۱۱ء میں اپنے نانہالی گاؤں شیخ پورہ ضلع مونگیر میں پیدا ہوئے، اسی ضلع کا الہرہ گاؤں ان کا آبائی وطن تھا، یہاں کے سادات کا تعلق حضرت سید احمد جاجنیریؒ سے ہے، پروفیسر سید حسن کا خاندان بھی جاجنیری تھا، والدہ کا سلسلہ نسب حضرت مخدوم شیخ شعیبؒ برادر عم زاد حضرت شیخ شرف الدینؒ احمد یحییٰ منیری سے ملتا ہے، جب وہ ۷؍۸ سال کے تھے تو ان کے والد کا انتقال ہوگیا، لیکن ماں کی شفقت و تربیت نے یتیمی اور محرومی کا احساس نہ ہونے دیا اور نامساعد حالات کے باوجود وہ تعلیمی مراحل طے کرتے رہے اور مڈل، میڑک، انٹر اور پھر گریجویشن کے سارے امتحانات میں اول آئے، ۳۵ء میں اردو میں ۳۷ء میں فارسی میں ایم اے کیا، ۳۶ء میں انھوں نے ایجوکیشن میں ڈپلوما بھی لیا، بعد میں ۱۹۰۶ء میں انھوں نے دانش گاہ تہران ایران سے فارسی جدید، زبان پہلوی اور فارسی قدیم میں ڈپلوما حاصل کیا، طہران میں ڈاکٹر نذیر احمد اور پروفیسر سید امیر حسن عابدی وغیرہ بھی ان کے ساتھ تھے۔تعلیم ختم ہونے کے بعد ان کے مشغلہ تدریس کا آغاز ہوا، ۳۷ء میں بہار نیشنل کالج میں وہ فارسی اردو کے لکچرر مقرر ہوئے، ۷ سال کے بعد ۴۴ء میں پٹنہ کالج میں لکچرر مقرر ہوئے اور اسی کالج میں وہ ۵۰ء میں اسسٹنٹ پروفیسر اورچھ سال کے بعد ترقی کرکے ۶۱ء تک پروفیسر رہے، اسی عرصہ میں حکومت بہار نے عربی و فارسی میں مطالعہ و...
Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi, known as Mujaddid Alf Sani (R.A) was not only a well-known Muslim mystic but also a great reformer. He brought reformative changes in political system of subcontinent and introduced social set up of Islamic society, spiritual patterns of Islamic mystics and religious scholars of Islamic sciences. His services regarding the revival of Islam and purification of Islamic beliefs are versatile and multidimensional. Mughal emperor Akbar tried to reconcile the differences of both religions, and introduced a new faith called the Din-i-Ilahi, which incorporated both Islam and Hinduism which stressed the Muslim community a lot. This article is a study of the role of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhandi in purification believes. Main tiopics of this study are oneness of Ram and Raheem, wahdat-ul-wajood and wahdat-ul-Shahood, finality, eternality, sustainability and universality of Prophethood, Meraj-ul-Nabi, Aqeeda Tanasukh and Aqeeda Halool with reference to the life hereinafter. Article also mentions the methodology of this pious personality in purification of believers and its utility in contemporary period. This ends with findings of the research paper and no doubt it provides important guidance for researchers of Islam to face the challenges for the betterment of Muslim Ummah.
There has been tremendous growth in microfinance institutions over the number of years. Microfinance
Institutions depends a lot on the repayment of loans for getting funds in the future. Unfortunately, the
characteristics or a factor of microfinance institution that affects the repayment performance and lead to
default is underexplored area of study.
The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of credit appraisal, client training and collection policy on
repayment performance of microfinance clients in Lahore. In this regard a total number of 310 borrowers was
observed as a sample from the microfinance population. To select the microfinance institution for data
collection the snowball sampling technique was used. Questionnaires were distributed among 310
microfinance clients. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses.
The findings of the study proclaimed that credit appraisal, client training and collection policy was positively
associated with repayment performance of microfinance clients. In order to avoid the problems of repayment,
the relationship between the client and lender should be monitored through advisers or in meetings. Lender
could also give rewards to the clients who pay the payment on the decided time.