جناب شیخ احمد علی شوقؔ
نہایت افسوس ہے کہ کہنہ ادیب و شاعر شیخ احمد علی صاحب متخلص بہ شوق نے ۲۷؍ اپریل کو گونڈہ میں انتقال کیا، مرحوم ۱۸۸۲ء اور ۱۸۹۰ء کے درمیان لکھنؤ سے ’’آزاد‘‘ نام کا اخبارنکالتے تھے، جو اس عہد کے معزز و مشہور اخباروں میں تھا اور اس زمانہ کے ادباء کا مظہر خیال تھا اور سرسید کی تحریکات سے کافی ہمدردی رکھتا تھا، کئی چھوٹی چھوٹی مثنویوں کے بھی وہ مصنف تھے، اسیرؔ مرحوم کے وہ شاگرد تھے اور غالباً وہ اس خانوادۂ تربیت کی آخری یادگار باقی تھے، انہیں کے عہد میں اردو کی نئی شاعری کا آغاز ہوا، مرحوم ان قدیم شعراء میں تھے، جنہوں نے اس نئے رنگ کے قبول کرنے میں جھجک نہیں کی۔
ترانۂ شوق کے علاوہ ان کی غالباً آخری مطبوعہ مثنوی عالم خیال کے چار رخ اردو شاعری میں ایک نئی چیز ہے، کاش ان کے احباب و اعزہ ان کے کلام کا مجموعہ شائع کرکے انکی روحانی یادگاروں کو زندہ رکھ سکیں۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، اپریل ۱۹۲۵ء)
The scholars of Hadith gave special attention to the fabricated hadith and they explained it to others and warned about its danger. They all agreed upon it that transmission of fabricated report is unlawful only one way is lawful if the status of this report is narrated with its transmission. Some great scholars of hadith like Mizzi, Zahabi and Ibn Hajr have pointed out that in the sunan of Ibn Maja there are some fabricated and false ahadith. I took interest in study of these fabricated ahadith and I separated them and studied these ahadith according to the Principles of research of this filed. You will find during the study of this paper the importance of Sunan among the six books. You will study comments of scholars about this book. After complete study of this paper, we can conclude following points: 1. There are forty-four fabricated ahadith in Sunan of Ibn Maja. 2. These ahadith are found in five books except one, hadith is narrated by only Ibn Maja. 3. Ibn Maja declared about only one hadith that it is baseless. 4. Ibn Juzi mentioned only seven ahadith in his book fabricated ahadith. 5. Imam Bausairi showed indefference in commenting and declaring these ahadith as fabricated in his book Misbah-uz- zujazah. Although there are clear signs of fabrication in these ahadith.
A study was carried out to investigate the effects of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on mechanical properties and microstructures of Aluminum alloy Al-6061. Teflon and Nylon was also investigated to visualization deformation because of their high elastic plastic behaviour to validate the mathematical model. The severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques were used to increase strength through grain refinement. The ECAP process has improved upon the mechanical properties of light metal alloys like Al-6061. In this process the specimen size remain unchanged and the required mechanical properties are increased by SPD technique. The design and development of ECAP experimentation was done on specimens and equipment used to do with suitable measurements and with safety precautions. The experiments were carried out on Teflon, Nylon, and Aluminum 6061. The die and ECAP fixture were designed and fabricated in the Mechanical Engineering Department at University of Engineering & Technology Taxila. A purpose built hydraulic press having capacity of 100 tons with special fixture was used to squeeze the material through ECAP die. In situ heating of die with specimen was employed for smooth flow of material through the die. The temperature was maintained at upper critical temperature (i.e. 450 0C) for two hours for obtaining homogeneous temperature. A total number of eight experiments were performed using the ECAP process on this experimental setup. II The shear strain mathematical model for ECAP was developed considering the elastic recovery of materials after angular extrusion. In addition to shear strain mathematical model, the load required to push the material through ECAP die was calculated to achieve results. The numerical simulation through ABAQUSTM 6.10.1 was performed to validate the mathematical model. The mathematical model of shear strain and orientation in axis was validated successfully with the 3% error along major axis and 2% along minor axis of ellipse. A series of tests including tensile, Vickers hardness, micro hardness, and three points bend fatigue (crack mouth opening displacement) test were performed for mechanical characterisation. In addition, metallographic and fractographic analyses were performed for microstructure verification. The 3-point bend fatigue tests were performed on as-received and ECAP specimens. The specimens were made according to ASTM-E647 standard from Al-6061 alloy. The fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviour of as-received and ECAP was investigated and compared against different stress ratios. Different plots were drawn between different geometric parameters and found that fatigue crack growth was slower in ECAP specimens as compared to asreceived specimens. This slow rate of FCG was mainly due to the increase in strength by grain refinement introducing severe plastic deformation. The mechanical and microstructure analyses validated grain refinement through ECAP process. A 25% increase in Vickers hardness, 15% improvement in yield strength and 35% enhancement in ultimate tensile strength was recorded