الفاظ کا استعمال اور ان کی مطابقت شاعری میں بہت اہمیت کے حامل ہیں ۔ شاعراپنی فکر کو الفاظ کا آہنگ عطا کرتا ہے۔ یہ الفاظ ہی ہیں جو قاری کے دل و دماغ پر اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں اور شاعر کے کلام کا رتبہ بلند درجے تک پہنچا دیتے ہیں۔ وہ الفاظ جو بے اختیار شاعر کے ذہن میں آتے ہیں ان تک پہنچنے کے لیے شاعر کئی مرحلوں سے گزر چکا ہوتا ہے۔ بہت دیر کی علمی وادبی مشقت اور گہرے مطالعے کے بعد وہ اس مقام تک پہنچتا ہے کہ الفاظ کا ذخیرہ اس کے ذہن میں محفوظ ہو سکے۔ اس طرح بہت سے الفاظ مخصوص ہو گئے اور ان کی ترتیب بھی پہلے سے طے ہو گئی مگر شعرا نے ایک مضمون کو سورنگ سے باندھ کر اس دلیل کو باطل کر دیا۔ کلام اقبال اس بات کا شاہد ہے کہ اقبال نے ایک بات کو کئی انداز سے ادا کیا ہے اور ہر باراپنی بات کو پہلے سے زیادہ دلنشیں اور پر اثر بنا کر پیش کیا ہے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کہتے ہیں:
”کمال ہے کہ لغت کے ثقیل اور دقیق الفاظ کو اشعار کی خوبصورتی میں تحلیل کیا۔
چونکہ ان کے افکار میں خلوص کی گرمی اور پیغام میں تپش تھی۔ اس لیے یہ اجنبی
الفاظ بھی فلسفہ کے ساتھ شیر و شکر ہو گئے ۔ کلام میں سیکڑوں الفاظ ہیں، جن کے
مروجہ معانی میں بھی فرق آیا۔ الفاظ معانی کی وسعتوں سے گراں بار ہوئے۔ خودی،
بے خودی، حسن و عشق، ہجر و وصال، جنون و جذب، قیصر و قلندر، ایمان ویقین
وغیرہ کے محدود معنی کلام اقبال میں نہیں رہے جو لغت میں محفوظ ہیں۔ لفظوں کے
تنگ لباس کے ساتھ معنی کے محدود مفاہیم میں اقبال نے انقلاب برپا کیا“(34)
اس لیے معانی کی...
Regarding life, people’s thoughts have always been different. This is because of their personal opinions and social and political life that greatly affects human lives. Some people lead a joyful and content life. They think life is full of joys and happiness. Therefore, they always remain hopeful about it; and thus lead a happy life. These optimists always search the positive aspects of life; and shun themselves away from the negative aspects which blacken life. Amongst such people, one is Elia Abu Madi who seems to have adopted the positive and pleasurable aspect of life and invites others to do so. He is of the view that happiness is in human’s hand. If he wants, he can bring himself happiness. This article describes the mentioned strategy of this great poet that he has presented in his poem “The Philosophy of Life”.
Background: Spinal anesthesia is an effective regional anesthesia technique, which is preferred in almost 86% of cesarean sections in the United States and United Kingdom. Eighty percent of cesarean sections done at the Aga Khan University hospital are under spinal anesthesia. Shivering is a common complication of spinal anesthesia, it occurs in 40%-64% of patients after neuraxial anesthesia. Shivering may cause maternal and fetal hypoxemia, maternal discomfort and a problem to the anesthesiologists when it comes to monitoring the patient during cesarean sections. Ondansetron a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist is effective in treatment and prevention of post spinal anesthesia shivering. In published studies use of a fixed dose in patients with different weights, masked the dose effect ondansetron in preventing shivering. Such that not adjusting the dose according to the weight of patients’ resulted in a higher occurrence of shivering. No study compares different doses of ondansetron in preventing shivering in parturient women who have had spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Objectives: To determine if a weight-adjusted dose is better than a fixed dose of ondansetron in preventing shivering following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Study design: Double blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Method: This is a randomized, double-blinded controlled trial of 124 women scheduled for elective cesarean surgery. The Women were randomized into two equal groups. The intervention group received intravenous ondansetron weight adjusted dosing at 0.1mg/kg and the control group received a fixed dose of 4mg before spinal anesthesia. The occurrence and severity of shivering and other outcomes, such as headache, pruritus were assessed and recorded during the surgery and postoperative period. Results: A total of 124 patients were included in the study. Social demographic data and baseline vital signs did not differ significantly between the groups. Shivering was observed in 14 patients (22.6%) in the control group that received 4mg ondansetron and 7 patients (11.3%) in the intervention group that had 0.1mg/kg of ondansetron, but there was no statistical difference between the groups (p- value 0.090). The severity of shivering was greater in the control group compared to intervention group where patients who developed grade two shivering were 8.1% to 0% respectively. (P value 0.047). There was no difference in the occurrence of pruritus between the two groups. No patient developed a headache or required treatment for very severe shivering. Conclusion: This study, found that Ondansetron weight adjusted dose at 0.1mg/kg, reduced the severity of shivering when compared to