Artificial insemination (AI) after estrus induction is one of the best reproductive bio-techniques that will help in progressing animal agriculture into the new era. Reproductive efficiency of cow and heifer is an important factor that influence the profitability of any dairy enterprise. Different experiments were conducted to compare the efficacy of estrus synchronization protocols through estrus response and fertility rate in cattle during non-breeding and breeding seasons. Determination of time of ovulation and ovulatory response through peripheral LH surge, progesterone (P4) rise and follicular dynamics were also studied during non-breeding season. A total of 312 non-descript cows and heifers (averaging 3 to 4 years) with body condition score (BCS) ranges between 3.0 to 3.5 were randomly assigned to receive Ovsynch, CIDR alone and CO-Synch+CIDR protocols. Animals were inseminated at 16 h after the injection of second GnRH in Ovsynch, and 48 h after CIDR removal in CIDR inserted groups. The duration of induced estrus in non-descript cows was similar (P = 0.79) to natural estrus whereas, the duration of standing heat was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in induced cows (9.69 ± 0.62 h) compared to non-induced cows (6.66 ± 0.80 h). The results revealed that the Ovsynch protocol was slightly better in terms of inducing heat and enhanced the conception rate (CR) in indigenous cows under farm (87.5%) and field (50.0%) conditions during non-breeding season. In case of non-descript heifers, duration of induced estrus with an average of 18.63 ± 1.03 h, similar (P > 0.05) to natural estrus (18.00 ± 1.58 h). However, a significant difference (P < 0.05, t(18)= 2.515) was observed between the duration of induced (10.63 ± 0.60 h) and natural (8.25 ± 0.73 h) standing heat. It was observed that treatment with CO-Synch+CIDR enhanced the CR at timed artificial insemination (TAI; P > 0.05) in indigenous heifers under farm (50.0%) and field (33.33%) conditions during non-breeding season. To achieve further improvements in results, hormonal analysis and ultrasonography were performed to determine the time of ovulation and to establish the AI at a fixed time without the need for estrus detection. A better synchronous LH peak was observed in Ovsynch group (48.40 ± 0.40 h post PGF2α administration) compared to CIDR alone (71.67 ± 9.74 h) and CO-Synch+CIDR (54.86 ± 4.71 h) protocols. The ovulatory response was induced in 100% cows with Ovsynch and CO-Synch+CIDR protocols as indicated by LH surge and progesterone level; only 83.33% cows responded to CIDR alone treatment during non-breeding season (P > 0.05). The mean follicular diameter (13.98 ± 1.15), growth rate (1.43 ± 0.15) and ovulation rate was highest (100%) with Ovsynch treatment compared to CIDR alone and CO-Synch+CIDR, but the difference was non-significant (P > 0.05). The interval between PGF2α and ovulation was shorter in Ovsynch (77.0 ± 6.0 h) group compared to CIDR alone (93.60 ± 10.32 h) and CO-Synch+CIDR (79.20 ± 2.93 h) groups. The interval between LH surge and ovulation was 28.50 ± 5.85 h, 24.80 ± 7.31 h and 22.0 ± 5.55 h in Ovsynch, CIDR alone and COSynch+ CIDR groups respectively. During breeding season, CR/TAI was similar (47%) in all groups of non-descript cows under field conditions. It was observed that CO-Synch+CIDR treatment yielded the satisfactory (P < 0.05) conception rates under farm conditions compared to field conditions in non-descript heifers. The application of estrus synchronization protocols significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced the service period in non-descript cows and age at first calving in crossbred cows. It is concluded that during non-breeding season, Ovsynch can be an advantageous protocol for non-descript cows and CO-Synch+CIDR for heifers which showed good estrus expression and fertility, and thus, reduce the maintenance cost of dry animals, which in fact is of economic importance to the farmers. During breeding season conception rates at TAI were satisfactory in all groups of cows under field conditions. Treatment of cows and heifers with estrus induction protocols will yield acceptable pregnancy rates.
مرزا احسان احمد افسوس ہے کہ ہمارے شہر کے مشہور وکیل اور نامور شاعر مرزا احسان احمد صاحب کا گزشتہ مہینہ انتقال ہوگیا، ان کی صحت عرصہ سے خراب تھی، ادھر کچھ دنوں سے صاحب فراش ہوگئے تھے، ۲۳؍ دسمبر کو وفات پائی، وفات کے وقت ۷۷ سال کی عمر تھی، مرحوم شاعری کے ساتھ اردو کے ادیب و نقاد بھی تھے، ان کا ادبی ذوق بڑا بلند اور پاکیزہ تھا، ان کے کلام اور ادبی مضامین کا مجموعہ شائع ہوچکا ہے، ایک زمانہ میں ان کے اور اقبال احمد خاں صاحب سہیل مرحوم کے دم سے اعظم گڑھ میں شعر و شاعری کا بڑا چرچا تھا، مگر مرحوم جب چشمہ کے ایجنٹ اور بعد میں شاعر کی حیثیت سے اعظم گڑھ آتے تھے تو مرزا صاحب ہی کے یہاں ٹھہرتے تھے، اور شعر و شاعری کی محفل گرم ہوتی تھی، اس میں مولانا عبدالسلام مرحوم پابندی سے اور کبھی کبھی سید صاحبؒ بھی شریک ہوتے تھے، جگر صاحب کے کلام کا پہلا مجموعہ داغ جگر اعظم گڑھ ہی سے شائع ہوا، اس پر مرزا احسان احمد صاحب کا مبسوط مقدمہ ہے اسی سے جگر صاحب کی شہرت کا آغاز ہوا، مرزا صاحب کے گھر میں دارالمصنفین کے تعلقات بڑے گہرے تھے، ان کے بڑے بھائی مرزا سلطان احمد صاحب مرحوم دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے ہمیشہ رکن رہے، ان کے بعد مرزا صاحب منتخب ہوئے، اور اپنی وفات تک رہے، ان کی زندگی بڑی سادہ اور درویشانہ تھی، استطاعت کے باوجود تکلفات سے ہمیشہ بری رہے، طبیعت میں بڑا استغنا تھا ان کا پیشہ ضرور وکالت تھا مگر اس کی طرف ان کا طبعی رجحان نہ تھا، بس بقدر ضرورت ہی وکالت کرتے تھے، اور ادھر دس بارہ سال سے بالکل چھوڑ دی تھی، طبیعت بڑی مرنجان مرنج تھی، کسی کے معاملات اور مقامی سیاست سے...
Prisoners’ reintegration is the core concept of almost all penal systems in the world. One of the potent tools to ensure prisoners’ reintegration is effective network of religious services within prisons. This paper aims at exploring the role of religious interventions in the reintegration of prisoners with specific focus on Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) jails. Six high profile jails---Central Jail Peshawar, Haripur, Bannu, and District Jail Timergara, Mardan and Kohat of KP were purposively selected. Mixed methodology, more specifically concurrent triangulation technique, was used to collect and analyze the data. Of all 261 respondents, 250 comprised of jail inmates (under-trial and convicted adults and juveniles male prisoners) were randomly selected within the six jails of the province and interviewed through semi-structured questionnaire. The remaining 11 respondents, purposively selected and interviewed through interview-guide included jail officials of all the selected prisons (6 in numbers) and ex-prisoners (5 in numbers). It was found that a clear majority of the respondents considered religious interventions instrumental in accomplishing the goal of prisoners’ reintegration i.e, making them law abiding, productive, contributing and pro-social citizens. Many of the apparently incorrigible and potentially dangerous prisoners altered the course of their lives once they went through religious programs inside prisons. It was also discovered that in KP prisons, there was no effective network of chaplaincy services, and often these services were provided by self-motivated religious prisoners and rarely by the prison management with the collaboration of NGOs. Yet, the existing religious interventions had an extraordinary impact in terms of reforming the inmates. Hence, it is recommended that any prisons’ reform strategy must incorporate a well-designed framework of religious programs to transform criminals into an asset for society.
Administration is the backbone of any institute, which not only utilizes the human and material resources in the best possible way but also gives direction for the achievement of its goals and objectives. This study aimed to compare the administrative practices of public and private sector universities of Pakistan. The administrative practices consisted of amendments in university statutes; university governing bodies; its members selection; tenure; meetings; decision making practice; and implementation of decisions; recruitment/selection/appointment and promotion of official and faculty; provision of facilities to faculty; administrative, financial and academic matters; establishment of new departments; allocation of funds; university timings suitability; scholarships; evaluation of the employees; Procedure for overcoming irregularities; university management; dealing of university with community, HEC; Government, and other universities; HEC influence in university affairs; students admission; affiliation to colleges; and the like. The population of the study consisted of all administrators and academicians in the universities of Punjab and KPK provinces of Pakistan. Eight universities, four each from Punjab and Khyber Pakhtoon-khwa (two public and two private of each provinces) were randomly selected as sample of the study. Questionnaire for Administrative Practices (QAP), consisted of 32 domains, was utilized for data elicitation. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of QAP, resulting in 0.963. Data was analyzed through the utilization of Mean score and t-test. Significant difference was observed between public and private sector universities regarding the administrative practices i.e. amendments in the statutes; universities bodies tenure; the provision of facilities to staff; officials attitude for handling of ixacademic matters; official’s way of supervising their subordinates; student admission; university timings suitability; process of college affiliation; evaluation of employees; procedure for overcoming irregularities; meeting with authorities; university management. While insignificance difference was found for universities bodies members selection; student representation in university bodies; their meetings; decision making; decision implementation; official appointment; staff promotion; administrative and financial matters; relations with community; HEC; Government and other universities; HEC influence in administration and other matters; scholarships; fund allocation; process to visit authorities and establishment of new departments. Significant difference was found between the opinions of academicians of public and private sector universities in terms of amendments in statutes; bodies decision making; staff selection; financial matters; academic matters; HEC influence in administration; student admission; university timings; meeting with authorities, and university management. Significant difference was observed between the opinions of administrators of public and private sector universities in terms of universities bodies’ tenure; bodies’ decision implementation; provision of facilities to staff; administrative matters; academic matters; official supervision; relations with other universities; HEC influence; fund allocation; university timings; College affiliation; procedure for overcoming irregularities; and university management. It was concluded from the findings that both public and private sectors are performing numerous practices in different ways and means. The university stakeholders’ administrators and academicians have lack of coordination. xIt is recommended that the coordination body HEC may arrange workshops, seminars for both public and private sectors universities. In the universities a body may be established which strives for the coordination between administrators and academicians.