Alternaria solani is a destructive pathogen to the tomato crop causing heavy losses. The present work was designed during 2015-16 to evaluate the efficacy of Bion and salicylic acid as early blight disease suppressors as well as their use as plant activators under greenhouse conditions. The current study was carried out at field area of Plant Pathology University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Foliar and seedling root dipping application of Bion and salicylic acid (125 ppm and 2 mM) not only reduced the disease severity but also enhanced the plant growth. Maximum disease severity was observed in infected control while minimum disease severity was observed in case of Bion with foliar application in both years. A remarkable increase was observed in Chlorophyll a, b, root fresh/dry weight, photosynthetic rate, shoot fresh/dry weight and growth attributes when A. solani inoculated tomato plants were treated with foliar sprays of Bion. A significant healing to cell membrane was observed to reduce the electrolyte leakage in case of Bion and SA application through foliar spray in inoculated plants. Total soluble carbohydrates and total soluble protein contents are increased when Bion was applied through foliar application as compared to seedling root dipping. Increasing trend was observed in 2nd year of study. It is concluded that foliar application of Bion could be more effective in managing the Alternaria solani as well as in enhancing the growth and yield of tomato.
روحانیت، باطنیت، سریت یا تصوف کی اصطلاحیں عموماً ایک ایسے مخفی نظام کو بیان کرنے کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی ہیں جو مادی دنیا سے مختلف ہوتے ہوئے بھی اپنا تعلق اس سے جوڑے رکھتا ہے۔ یہودیت کا روحانی نظام بھی کم و بیش انہیں صفات کا حامل ہے۔ خدا سے تعلق، تخلیقِ کائنات پر گفتگو اور مقدس کتب کے روحانی معانی کی تلاش ایک یہودی صوفی کا نصب العین ہے۔ یہودیت کے روحانی ادوار کو زمانی اعتبار سے چار حصوں میں تقسیم کیا جا سکتا ہے:
بائیبل کا دور جس میں روحانی نظریات اور تحریکیں تو دکھائی نہیں دیتیں لیکن اس دور کے مذہبی تجربات نے بعد میں آنے والے صوفیا کو روحانیت سے روشناس کروایا۔
ہیکل کی دوسری تباہی کا دور جس میں ایسے روحانی نظریات وجود پانے لگے تھے جن کی بنیاد مذہب پر رکھنے کی کوشش کی جا رہی تھی۔
قبالہ کا دور جس میں منظم انداز میں روحانی تعلیمات کو بحیثیتِ مجموعی بیان کیا جا رہا تھا۔
حسیدی دور جس میں روحانیت سے نئے مذہبی محسوسات نے جنم لیا۔[1]
یہودی روحانیت میں زیادہ تر مذہبی تجربات کی کوئی عقلی توجیہ پیش کرنے کی ضرورت نہیں سمجھی جاتی کیونکہ یہ خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ ان تجربات تک عقل کی رسائی ممکن نہیں ہے۔ اس کا یہ مطلب بھی نہیں ہے کہ یہ تجربات...
The world has been changing ever since its creation, yet the pace of change in the last one hundred years or so has been the most rapid ever. The effects of these changes were beyond the limitations of time and region and therefore they directly affected the Muslim world as well. Muslim scholars did not ignore these changes and realized their responsibilities and wrote books of Sīrah which provided guidance in connection with these rapid changes and conditions. This research has highlight an important issue of the conflict between religions, its inception, history and primarily focused on the opinions of the authors of selected books of Sῑrah written in recent past. This research has also elaborated the modern approaches in Sῑrah writing. The study has mainly focused on significant Sῑrah books of three languages i.e. Arabic, English and Urdu. These books include Fiqh Al Sῑrah by Muḥammad Sa’īd Ramaḍān Al Būtī, Fiqh Al Sῑrah by Muḥammad Al Ghazālī, Madnī Mu‘āshrah by Akram Ḍīā Al ‘Umrī, The Life and the Work of the Prophet by Dr. Muḥammad Ḥamīdullāh, The Spirit of Islam by Sayīd Amīr ‘Alī, Muhammad A Biography of Prophet by Karen Armstrong, Sīrah Al Nabī by ‘Allāmah Shiblī Nu’mānī, Aṣaḥ Al Sῑyar by ‘Abdul Raūf Dānāpūrī, Ḍīā Al Nabī by Pīr Muḥammad Karam Shāh, Sīrati Sarwari ‘Alam by Abūl A‘lā Mūdūdī, Raḥmatullil'ālamīn by Qāḍī Muhammad Sulymān Manṣūrpūrī and Muḥammad Rasūlallāh by Sayīd Muḥammad Mīyān.
MCDM was established to deal with various types of applications of daily life and is considered
as a valuable tool that can be applied to many complex decision-making problems. With the
inception of the new techniques and approaches in MCDM to achieve an optimal solution, methods
like TOPSIS, AHP, ANP, COMET, etc. were developed and modi?ed. Such methods adopt di/erent
approaches to the use of TFNs, GFNs, trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, HFNs etc. for decision-making.
Sometimes these methods and approaches of MCDM produce results that may be questionable,
uncertain and unpredictable. Also, such approaches disregard the concerns of vagueness, ambiguity
and rank reversal paradox. On the other hand, these concerns are of fundamental nature and act
as challenges in MCDM methods. COMET was designed to counter uncertainty and vagueness
while dealing with problems of MCDM. The COMET method is basically immune to the pivotal
challenge of rank reversal paradox, but yet classical COMET has not been designed for uncertain
and decisional problems. In this research e/ort IVTFNs and IVIFNs are used for the purpose of
decision making with COMET method for ranking of alternatives in a more suitable way in the
presence of vagueness and uncertainty which are basically the extensions of the classical COMET
method. Furthermore, a comparative analysis will be carried out to compare the solution of the
proposed method with the result as obtained in TOPSIS method