Home > Studies on the Comparative Ecology of the South Persian Black Partridge, Francolinus Francolinus Henrici, and the Northern Grey Partridge, Francolinus Pondicerianus Interpositus, in Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Studies on the Comparative Ecology of the South Persian Black Partridge, Francolinus Francolinus Henrici, and the Northern Grey Partridge, Francolinus Pondicerianus Interpositus, in Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Transect data collected on sympatric population of the two species of Francolins from 23 strands established in Lal Suhanra National Park (LSNP) suggested that the South Persian Black Francolin (Francolinus francolinus henrici) was present in 6 and the Northern Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus interpositus) from 10 stands. The density figures developed from the calls and sightings revealed a variation in the estimated during different seasons and parts of the day, but its variation were much wider from calls. Call count technique appeared on yield reliable densities if carried out during winter and sighting data can reliably used if carried out simultaneously during the morning and the evening sessions. The Black Francolin was distributed with an overall crude density 8.40±1.39 birds per km2, while the Grey Francolin with a crude density of 6.20±1.52 birds per km2. The population density of the Black Francolin was lowest in February (3.03±1.09 birds per km2) and the highest in July (7.28±1.72 birds per km2). The lowest density of the Grey Francolin was in December (4.13±0.83 birds per km2), while the highest in August (10.72±1.67 birds per km2). The population density of Black Francolin was low during drought years (4.03±1.02 birds per km2), as compared with high rainfall years (6.38±2.19 birds per km2). Population density of the Grey Francolin was on its lowest during 1996 (5.34±1.12) and the highest in 1999 (7.53±1.14) birds per km2). Their was preponderance of males (male: female ratio: Black = 1.31: 1, Grey 1.21: 1) in both the sexes. There were 0.32±0.09 sub-adult per female (0.14±0.03 sub-adult per adult) in the Black Francolin, while 0.32±0.07 sub-adult per female (0.15±0.03 sub-adult per adult) in the Grey Francolins. The Population of Black (dispersion index 0.60±0.08 and the Grey dispersion index 0.78±0.11) Francolins random tending toward a uniform xviiidispersion was observed in the LSNP. The Black Francolin exhibited a more random in the morning (0.63±0.12) as compared with the evening (0.52±0.20) while the Grey exhibits a more uniform dispersion in morning (0.58±0.10) than in evening (0.98±0.18). A total of 102 species of plants were identified from francolins habitat in LSNP with absolute vegetation cover ranging between 8.35 and 13.75 percent in tropical thorn forest and between 40 and 60 percent in irrigated forest plantations. The Black and the Grey Francolin exhibited a negative yet non – significant correlation co-efficient (0.333, p = 0.35) in their distribution in different stands. The Black Francolin appeared in high densities (11 - 13 birds per km2) in the stands having a high vegetation cover (40 - 46 percent) than (3 – 5 birds per km2) than with low vegetation cover (12 – 14 percent). The Grey Francolin had a lower population (4.66±0.96 birds per km2) in high vegetation cover than that of lower cover (10.08±2.12 birds per km2). No population was observed below 8 percent cover. Correlation and regression was calculated by applying the computer software MINITAB 15 and CANOCO 4.5. The average home range was smaller in the Black (0.51±0.14 km2), as compared with the Grey Francolin (0.61±0.16 km2). Sixty seven percent females of Black Francolins and seventy eight percent of the Grey Francolins laid their clutches between mid March to early May. Average clutch size of 6.56±1.40, the incubation period of 18.53±1.14 days and breeding success of 36±3.18 percent was recorded for Black and clutch size of 7.22±1.23, incubation period, xix17.86±2.10 days and breeding success of 37±3.25 percent were recorded for Grey Francolin. The studies suggest that both the species are adapted to the environmental conditions and vigorously growing population, able to sustain all environmental odds.
مولوی ابوالحسن علی فراہی اصلاحی مولوی ابوالحسن علی فراہی اصلاحی ناظم مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائے میر کئی ماہ سے بیمار تھے۔ علاج کے باوجود مرض بڑھتا گیا۔ بالاخر ۳۱؍ جنوری ۱۹۸۷ء کو وقت موعود آپہنچا اور رحلت کرگئے، اناﷲ و انا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ ترجمان القرآن مولانا حمیدالدین فراہیؒ کے حقیقی پوتے تھے، ان کی تعلیم مدرسۃ الاصلاح کے علاوہ شبلی نیشنل اسکول و کالج میں ہوئی تھی، گھر کے خوش حال تھے، اس لئے کوئی ملازمت کرنے کے بجائے زمین اور زمینداری کی دیکھ بھال کرتے رہے، لیکن قومی و ملی کاموں سے دلچسپی تھی، تقسیم کے زمانہ میں جمعیۃ علماء کانگریس کے پرجوش حامی تھے، تقسیم کے بعد صوبہ کانگریس کے ممبر بھی ہوئے، پھر پرانے کانگریسیوں کی طرح اس سے دل برداشتہ ہوکر لوک دل میں چلے گئے مگر اس سے بھی نباہ نہ کرسکے اور اب سیاسی جھمیلوں سے الگ ہوکر صرف مدرسۃ الاصلاح کی خدمت کے لئے وقف ہوگئے تھے، جس سے اپنے دادا کی یادگار ہونے کی بناء پر ہمیشہ بہت تعلق رکھا، پہلے اس کے نائب ناظم ہوئے اور اب کئی برس سے ناظم ہوگئے تھے۔ وہ جس اخلاص، ایثار و قربانی سے کسی معاوضہ کے بغیر مدرسہ کی خدمت انجام دے رہے تھے، اس کی مثال کسی دینی مدرسہ میں کم ہی ملے گی، ان کے دور میں مدرسہ میں کئی عمارتیں تعمیر ہوئی، بعض مفید کام بھی انجام پائے، یہاں ان کے دادا کی یاد میں دائرہ حمیدیہ قائم ہوا تھا جس کو متحرک بنانے کے بڑے خواہشمند تھے، مرحوم کو دارالمصنفین سے بھی گہرا لگاؤ تھا۔ ان کے دادا مولانا حمیدالدین فراہیؒ کی سرپرستی میں اس کا آغاز ہوا تھا، ان کے بعد ان کے چھوٹے بھائی مولوی حاجی رشید الدین فراہی کو بھی اس ادارہ سے بڑی دلچسپی اور ہمدردی رہی۔ مرحوم مرنجان مرنج شخص تھے، طبیعت...
Every single thing made by Allah, the Creator of all things has its own essence of beauty and attraction to it. However, out of all the stunning creations of Almighty Allah, humans are the most superior creation which has the ability to gain knowledge. We, humans, have been given the power by Allah to explore the rest of his creations in nature and fully understand the beauty and functions of each and every aspect of it in order to take advantage of it. Islam is a religion based on nature and Shariah is a law which lays down rules for Muslims to follow which also allows us to move forward with the advancements in the world. It has a unique way of life for any person of any time to follow which cannot be found in any other religion. However, any development which takes place creates new problems and new obstacles which can only be manoeuvred by the researchers and scholars of that specific time who will decide the right use of that commodity and explain the commodity. This will allow the new invention to be utilised fully. Moreover, in this world many people want to look their best and feel their best and will be willing to go through many ways for their ideal look. With this desire, many jobs become associated with achieving this for people. Nonetheless, this leads to people putting their time, money and effort into something which can risk their entire life which can result in either an advantage or disadvantage. Moreover, they should know whether this is against their religious values. Those acts which cross your religious boundaries and are considered “haram”or not permitted are wrong. Thus, it is necessary for us to first consider whether it is crossing the boundaries and proving to be disadvantageous for you so that the wrong norms and values are not transmitted into the future generations.
Many topological indices which are being used by researchers in the quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies to predict the physico-chemical properties of molecules, are based on vertex degrees of the corresponding molecular graphs. When a new topological index is introduced in chemical graph theory, one of the important questions that need to be answered is for which members of a certain class of n-vertex graphs this index assumes minimal and maximal values? On the other hand, there are many well known graph families and vertex-degree-based topological indices in the literature for which this question remains open. The main purpose of current study is to address this open question for some well known families of graphs. Firstly, the collection of all k-polygonal chains (for k = 3, 4, 5) with fixed number of k-polygons is considered and the extremal elements from this family are characterized with respect to several well known bond incident degree (BID) indices (BID indices form a subclass of the class of all vertex-degree-based topological indices). From the derived results, many already reported results are obtained as corollaries. Furthermore, the extremal 4-polygonal (polyomino) chains for some renowned vertex-degree-based topological indices (other than BID indices) are also determined. Next, the problem of characterizing the extremal cacti over the certain classes of cacti (tree-like polyphenylene systems, spiro hexagonal systems and general cacti) with some fixed parameters is addressed for various well known vertex-degree-based topological indices. Finally, some mathematical properties of the atom-bond connectivity index and augmented Zagreb index are explored