The present study, deals with the isolation, screening and selection of Aspergillus oryzae for the alpha amylase production. Seventy eight isolates of A. oryzae were isolated from different soil samples. The strains were initially selected qualitatively on starch agar medium and screened quantitatively for enzyme production in shake flasks and a strain producing 130 ±0.1U/ml of enzyme was selected which was assigned the code IIB-30. The selected strain was subjected to physical and chemical mutagenic treatments in order to improve its amylolytic potential. During the treatments, isolates were qualitatively and quantitatively screened. Among these, EMS-18 exhibited the highest enzyme activity (347±1.2 U/ml). This mutant showed 2.6 fold increased activity over the parental strain in terms of enzyme production. The cultural conditions and nutritional requirements of the selected strains (both wild and mutant) were optimized in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks prior to scale up studies in a fermenter. Six different fermentation media were evaluated for the alpha amylase production by both wild and mutant strains of A. oryzae in shake flasks fermentation. Of all the media, M4 containing (g/l); starch 20, yeast extract 8.5, NH 4 Cl 1.3, MgSO 4 .7H 2 O 0.12, CaCl 2 0.06 gave maximal enzyme production i.e., 168±2 (wild) and 385±2 (mutant) which was highly significant (p≤0.05). The effect of incubation temperature, initial pH, volume of media and inoculum size was investigated on the enzyme production. The optimal enzyme production was obtained at 30°C, pH 5, volume, 10 % and inoculum size 4 %, by both wild and mutant strains. The rate of fermentation was also studied and the highest yield of enzyme was obtained 72 h after inoculation.xiv Corn starch (2 %) and lactose (1.5 %) as carbon sources while, ammonium sulfate (0.3 %) and peptone (0.2 %) as nitrogen sources were also optimized. Different surfactants were added to the fermentation media and Tween 80 at the level of 0.1% was found to be the best for enzyme production. The scale up studies for alpha amylase production was carried out in a 7.5 L stirred fermenter. The rate of fermentation for enzyme production by both wild and mutant strains was investigated.) It was found that the enzyme production increased gradually and reached maximum (335 U/ml and 608 U/ml) after 64 h (wild) and 48 h (mutant). The kinetic depiction of results showed optimal fermentation period for enzyme production to be 64 h and 48 h, respectively. The other cultural conditions such as initial pH (5), aeration level (1.5 vvm), dissolved oxygen (15 %), inoculum size (10 %) and agitation intensity (200 rpm) were optimized for enzyme production. The fermented broth was subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation at different saturation levels (20-90 %). The optimum level of ammonium sulfate saturation was found to be 70 % that gave 1.3 fold purification. By using Sephadex- DEAE column, the active fractions were eluted using 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.30 M NaCl at pH 7.5. The molecular weight of alpha amylase was found to be 48 kDa on SDS-PAGE after gel filtration. A total of 9.5 fold enzyme purification was accomplished. The effect of time, temperature, pH and metal ions on purified enzyme was also investigated and maximum activity was achieved after 30 min at 40oC and pH 5 in the presence of Ca+ 2 ion.
ناطق نے ایم فل اردو منہاج یونیورسٹی لاہور سے کیا اور ان کا مقالہ محمد حسین آزاد پر تھا۔ اسی مقالہ کو انہوں نے دوبارہ تھوڑا تبدیل کرکے ایک نئے نام سے شائع کروایا یعنی فقیر بستی میں تھا یہ ایک سوانحی ناول ہے جسے انہوں نے اپنی تخلیقی مہارت کے ذریعے ایک نیا روپ دیا۔ ’’فقیر بستی میں تھا‘‘عکس پبلی کیشنز لاہور نے 2019ء میں چھاپا۔ناطق نے نہایت خوبصورتی سے اس کتاب کو 45 حصوں میں تقسیم کیا ہے اور اپنے ہر ایک عنوان میں آزادزندگی کا پہلو بیان کیا گیا ہے۔کتاب کا انتساب آغا سلمان باقر کے نام لکھاہے۔کتاب نہایت مہارت سے لکھی گئی ہے پڑھتے ہوئے محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ لکھنے کیلئے کہاں کہاں کی خاک چھانی گئی ہوگی۔انہوں نے آزاد کی شخصیت کے تمام پہلوؤں پر روشنی ڈالی ہے ۔ایسا محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ ناطق کی طرح قاری بھی کتاب پڑھ کر آزاد کا عاشق بن جائے گا۔اس ضمن میں شہناز نقوی لکھتی ہیں :
’’مجھے یوں محسوس ہوا جیسے میں کوئی seasonsدیکھ رہی ہوں ، عمدہ طرز بیان کو پڑھنے والا بھی مولانا آزاد کے ساتھ ساتھ خود کو محسوس کرنے لگتا ہے۔کتاب کا اسلوب اتنا پرکشش ہے کہ قاری کو کہیں بھی بوجھل پن محسوس نہیں ہوتا ورنہ تحقیقی کتب پڑھناذرا مشکل مرحلہ ہوتا ہے۔‘‘(15)
انہوں نے آزادکی زندگی کو اس طرح لکھا کہ قاری بھی آزاد کا دیوانہ ہوجائے ناطق نے خود بھی آزاد کی کتاب جب آب حیات پڑھی تھی تو بار بار اس کتاب کو تقریباً چالیس مرتبہ پڑھا،اسی لیے ایم فل اردو میں اس عنوان پہ مقالہ تحریر کرنے کا فیصلہ کیا۔
Ka’ab bin Zuhair recited his famous poem of praise for the Prophet (s.a.w) in his presence and received his cloth as a gift in return. His poem has been narrated in the collections of Hadis and Seerah along with its notable presence in the Arabic literature. Allama Jalal ud Din as-Suyūṭī has written a detailed explanation on this poem with the title of Kunhul Murad fi bayan Banat Suaad. This article describes the back ground of the poem and then focuses on the approach adopted by Allama Suyūṭī in his explanations and gives an analysis on his style. As he has adopted the classical approach for the explanation therefore, his work is quite elaborate and consists wide range of related information which has made it one of the most popular explanation of the poem Banat Suaad. This study explains his methodology along with examples from his work.
Financial flexibility is an emerging area of study both, in developing as well as developed economies. In previous studies, researchers examined the financial flexibility from various aspects and used its various measures, but there are some important aspects, which have not been examined yet. For example, there is no consensus regarding a well-defined measure of financial flexibility, what are the various internal and external determinants of financial flexibility? How financial flexibility can be affected by variation in corporate governance setting etc. The objectives of this study are to examine the various measures of financial flexibility to identify an appropriate measure, and to identify various factors that determine firms’ financial flexibility. These factors are categorized as firm specific financial, corporate governance characteristics and country specific dynamics. The moderating effects of ownership concentration, managerial ownership, group affiliation, life cycle stage and CEO duality were also studied. Several measures of financial flexibility, such low leverage, spare debt capacity, cash holdings, Altman z score, modified z score and cash flow volatility were used to identify and analyze firm and country specific factors. The examination of this study was carried out by using unbalanced panel data of 193 non-financial listed firms in Pakistan Stock Exchange. The panel logistic regression applied for analysis over the period of 1991 to 2014.The data was collected from the annual financial statements of firms, World Bank database and State Bank of Pakistan. This study also differentiated and categorized the different sources and measures of financial flexibility and found that financial flexibility in the form of low leverage, modified Altman z score, Altman z score, are the first, second and third best measures of financial flexibility. Spare debt capacity, cash flow volatility and cash holding are the remaining good measures of financial flexibility respectively. The findings of the study indicate that firm specific financial, corporate governance related non-financial factors and country specific factors affect the corporate financial flexibility. Firms strive to attain and maintain the financial flexibility. Among firm specific factors, size of firm, tangibility, dividend, and age of the firm are the most significant determinants of financial flexibility. Among country specific factors, interest rate, inflation, equity market development and banking sector development are significant determinants of financial flexibility. However, equity market development is more economically and statistically more significant than banking sector development. The moderating effect of ownership concentration, managerial ownership, group affiliation, life cycle stage of firm and CEO duality were also studied. It was found that these variables have direct impact on FF and they moderate the relationship between firm specific factors and financial flexibility. Among these moderator life cycle stages, managerial ownership, and group affiliation are the most significant moderating variables. Overall, this study provides the evidence that FF measured by low leverage, spare debt capacity, cash holdings, Altman z score, modified z score and cash flow volatility may be affected by firm specific and country specific factors. Among all proxies of financial flexibility, low leverage and spare debt capacity were the most important and significant measures and sources of financial flexibility. These results are robust across alternative measures of financial flexibility.