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Studies on the Use of Seeds of Some Indigenous Plants for the Control of Root-Knot Nematodes.

Thesis Info

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Author

Siddiqui, Anum

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Karachi

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Botany

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12669/1/Anum_Siddiqui_Botany_2018_UoK_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727357761

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Meloidogyne javanica (Trueb) Chitwood Root knot nematodes invade the roots of plants and cause significant harm to crops. Fifty plant seeds belonging to different families were collected and evaluated for their nematicidal activity. Seeds were screened for nematicidal activity in vitro and in vivo. Aqueous seeds extract of Acacia concinna, Amaranthus paniculatus, Anethum graveolens, Cassia fistula, Cassia holosericea, Leucaena leucocephala, livistona chinensis, Moringa oleifera, Nigella sativa, Sesbania bispinosa and Canna indica showed hundred percent decrease in egg hatching of Meloidogyne javanica. Aqueous seeds extract of Acacia stenophylla, Asteracantha longifolia, Brassica juncea, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Clitoria ternatea, Conocarpus lancifolius, Cuminum cyminum, Foeniculum vulgare, Papaver somniferum, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Sesbania bispinosa, Solanum miniatum and Trigonella foenum-graecum showed 100 percent juvenile mortality in vitro. Methanolic seeds extract of Leucaena leucocephala, Cassia fistula, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Canna indica, Brassica juncea, Cassia holosericea, Acacia concinna, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Linum usitatissimum and Thespesia populnea also showed significant reduction in egg hatching and larval mortality of Meloidogyne javanica in vitro In green house experiment against Meloidogyne javanica aqueous extracts of seeds powder were found to be effective either by drenching or seed treatment were Sesbania bispinosa, Solanum nigrum, Clitoria ternatea, Brassica juncea, Acacia stenophylla, Foeniculum vulgare, , Canna indica, Cuminum cyminum, Ricinus communis, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Pithecellobium dulce, Linum usitatissimum, Moringa oleifera, Anethum graveolens, Asteracantha longifolia, Trachyspermum ammi, Canna indica, Livistona chinensis, Clitoria ternatea, Pithecellobium dulce Thespesia populnea and Coriandrum sativum. Organic amendment of soil was done by mixing seed powder in soil @ 1 % w/w after 3 weeks of organic amendment seeds were sown. Amendment with seeds powder of Asteracantha longifolia, Amaranthus paniculatus, Caesalpinia gilliesii, Ricinus communis, Sesbania bispinosa, Parkinsonia aculeata, Tamarindus indica, Eruca sativa, Acacia stenophylla, Albizia lebbeck, Nigella sativa, Piper nigrum, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Brassica juncea, Prunus avium, Solanum nigrum, Foeniculum vulgare, Thespesia populnea, Sapindus trifoliatus, Cordia sebestena, Moringa oleifera, Tribulus terrestris, Clitoria ternatea, Cassia holosericea, Senna alata, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Delonix regia, Coriandrum sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Adenanthera pavonina, Leucaena leucocephala, pithecellobium dulce, Roystonea regia, Datura innoxia, Conocarpus lancifolius, Anethum graveolens, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Trachyspermum ammi, Eragrostis abyssinica, Cuminum cyminum, Sinapis alba, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Pongamia pinnata, Cassia fistula Acacia concinna and Acacia nilotia appeared to be potent against root knot nematode and increased the growth of okra and cowpea plants. When organic amendment of soil with Acacia concinna, Canna indica, Foeniculum vulgare, Sesbania bispinosa and Solanum nigrum seeds meals at different concentrations of 0.3, 0.5 and 1% w/w of soil was performed. Most significant results were obtained in the treatments with Sesbania bispinosa and Solanum miniatum at organic amendment of 1 percent w/w in soil in both crops. This concentration was selected for further studies and field experiment. Combined use of Sesbania bispinosa and Solanum nigrum seed meals with chemical and biological antagonist also provided significant results as there enhancement in growth parameters and significant decrease in infection of Meloidogyne javanica and knot count in roots. Most promising results appeared when seed meals were mixed with Beauveria bassiana and Furadan. Preliminary phytochemical screening from ethanolic extract of seeds with strong nematicidal activity was performed. Phytochemical tests revealed presence many secondary metabolites flavanoid, terpenoid, steroid, tannin, carbohydrate, phenol, alkaloid, saponin, coumarin, glycolside and phlobatannin in seeds. Organic amendment of soil in field condition with Solanum nigrum and Sesbania bispinsosa showed significant decrease in the infection of root knot nematodes and increase in okra and cowpea plants growth.
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المبحث الثالث: ثقافتها

المبحث الثالث: ثقافتها

 تقول نازك الملائکۃ: بأنھا اتجھت اتجاھًا شدیداً مبالغاً إلی دراسۃ الأدب القدیم، وخاصۃ النحو، وأنھا قرأت من کتب النحو ’’شذور الذھب لابن ھشام‘‘[1]، وأیضاً ’’حاشیۃ الشیخ عبادۃ علی شذور الذھب‘‘ وقرأت نازك في حقل الأدب واللغۃ ’’عمدۃ ابن رشیق‘‘[2] والمثل السائر وأدب الکاتب و ’’خزانۃ الأدب للبغدادي‘‘ وقرأت أیضاً، ’’البیان والتبیین‘‘[3] في ثمانیۃ أیام ولم یکن ھذا ھیناً علیھا، فقد کانت أیام محنۃ انتھت بمرض عینیھا حتی اضطرت إلی ترك المطالعۃ وقرأت أیضاً ’’رسالۃ الغفران‘‘[4]۔

 وتحکي نازك عن نفسھا في حیاتھا المدرسیۃ عندما کانت تلمیذۃ في ’’فرع البنات‘‘ وفي تلك الفترۃ ھذا الفرع کان بین العلمي والأدبي فنازک کانت تکرہ الریاضیات والفیزیاء وعلم النبات، وکانت تتمنی أن تتخرج من الثانویۃ وتلتحق بالفرع الأدبي في دار المعلمین العالیۃ، وفي ھذہ الفترۃ کانت تحب دروس اللغۃ العربیۃ، فقد جاء ت في السنۃ الأخیرۃ من الثانویۃ مَدرِّسۃ راعت مواھبھا ومدحت ثقافتھا الواسعۃ، وکانت کثیرۃ النقاش مع والدھا وحفظت الکثیر من الشواھد والأھم من ذلك أنھا کانت توفق بین دراستھا الخارجیۃ والمدرسیۃ۔



[1] ابن ھشام: ابن ھشام الانصاري ھو ابو محمد عبداﷲ جمال الدین بن یوسف بن أحمد بن عبداﷲ بن ھشام الانصاري المصري من أئمۃ النحو العربي

[2] ابن رشیق: ھو ابو علی الحسن بن رشیق المعروف بالقیرواني أحد الأفاضل البلغاء۔ لہ کتب عدۃ منھا، کتاب العمدۃ في معرفۃ صناعۃ الشعر ونقدہ وعیوبہ، وکتاب الأنموذج والرسائل الفائقۃ

[3] البیان والتبیین: البیان والتبیین للجاحظ، وھي موسوعۃ أدبیۃ تمثل ثقافۃ الجاحظ وھو من أصخم مؤلفات الجاحظ۔

[4] رسالۃ الغفران عمل...

The Politics of Energy Trade Between Iran and Pakistan

Pakistan and Iran are neighboring countries that have longstanding historical ties. However, there is little research available about Pakistan-Iran energy trade relations, especially with respect to the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline. This research is based on primary data collected through qualitative interviews with key policymakers, academicians, and social activists, from Australia, India, Pakistan, and the United States. Based on the analysis of the data, this paper argues that there are risks involved for Pakistan in either honoring United States’ sanctions on Iran or bypassing them. In the former, Pakistan is incurring a huge cost in terms of delayed energy import from Iran while in the latter Pakistan, its officials, and its relevant organizations may face heavy sanctions by the United States. The study concludes that Pakistan must adopt a safer policy to pursue energy import from Iran while conducting good relations with both U.S. And Iran. The participation of India in the Iran-Pakistan energy project can increase the likelihood of its success.

Engineering Drought Tolerance in Sugarcane Saccharum Officinarum L.

Water stress imparted by drought is the most prevalent abiotic stress that limits plant growth and productivity and it is more threatening for crops require a lot of water i.e. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). The present study aimed to develop the drought tolerant transgenic sugarcane. Two commercial cultivars (CPF-245 and CPF-237) and three advanced lines (CSSG-668, S-2003US633, S-2003US114) of sugarcane grown in Punjab, Pakistan were evaluated for callus induction, embryogenic callus production and regeneration from apical discs. CSSG-668 was found to be the best genotype yielding maximum embryogenic callus production and regeneration whereas cv. CPF-245 exhibited the lowest callus induction and regeneration frequency. Selective agent (geneticin G-418) at five concentrations; 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/L was used to optimize selection conditions with non-transformed embryogenic calli. Variable effects of the selective agent were observed on different sugarcane genotypes for appropriate selection. The geneticin concentration at 60 mg/L was found to be the suitable dose to select the calli of genotypes CSSG-668, CPF-245 and S-2003US633. However, for S-2003US-114, 35 mg/L geneticin was found to be optimum. Similarly, 60 mg/L geneticin, was optimum dose to select regenerated plantlets of the cultivars CSSG-668 and CPF-245 while it was 40, 25 mg/L for the cultivars S-2003US-114 and S-2003US-633, respectively. Drought tolerant transgenic sugarcane lines were developed by exploiting the potential of vacuolar H+ pyro-phosphatase (AVP1 gene). The genetic transformation of sugarcane was done through Biolistic mediated transformation method. Seventy eight embryogenic calli plates of sugarcane cultivar CSSG-668 were bombarded and 120 putative transgenic plants resistant to selection marker (Geneticin) were obtained. Out of these, 34 plants showed the presence of both AVP1 and nptII (selection marker) genes. Southern results further confirmed the stable integration of transgene. One to four copies were present in sugarcane genome. Thirteen lines which showed better morphology were selected and transplanted in micro plots for drought tolerance screening. Two irrigation treatments well watered and limited water conditions were applied. Northern and Western analyses showed variable and higher expression of AVP1 gene in transgenic lines compared with non-transgenic line under stress condition. The effects of drought stress on agronomic parameters i.e., cane height, number of millable canes, number of internodes, cane diameter, brix % and physiological parameters i.e., relative water contents in the leaf, leaf water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were noted. Interaction among water stress treatment x sugarcane lines was statistically significant for all observed agronomic parameters and physiological parameters at P<0.05. Visually it was observed that transgenic sugarcane lines showed better growth and plant height when compared with non-transgenic line. Water stress significantly reduced the cane height, number of internodes, cane diameter, number of millable canes and Brix %. However transgenic sugarcane lines SP27, SP34, SP58 and SP10 showed better agronomic performance than respective non-transgenic line under stress condition. Physiological parameters such as relative water contents (RWC), leaf water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψo) and turgor potential (Ψp), photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance are the important traits for the identification of drought tolerant and sensitive lines. Significant variations were found in all tested genotypes for these traits. Transgenic sugarcane lines SP27, SP34 and SP58 showed better physiological performance water relation than non-transgenic line and other transgenic lines. This study provided an evidence regarding potential of AVP1 for drought tolerance.