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Study of Collapsing Models in Theories of Gravity

Thesis Info

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Author

Shah, Hassan

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Mathemaics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11932/1/Hassan%20Shah%20maths%202019%20uop%20peshwar%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727366917

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In this thesis, collapsing models have been studied in different theories of gravitation. In particular, we have explored the Phenomenon of collapse in general theory of relativity, f(R) theory and f(R,G) theory. Firstly, we discuss the collapsing models in the framework of general theory of relativity. The collapsing model of charged anisotropic fluid with positive cosmological constant in four dimensions is addressed. It is noted that in the presence of electromagnetic field the collapsing rate is faster. When the fluid remains anisotropic and the electric field strength E0(t,r) vanishes, our investigations are in full agreement with the results obtained by Ahmad and Malik [59]. We also address five dimensional collapsing model with anisotropic pressure and positive cosmological constant and found exact analytic solutions to the field equations. We found that the area of cosmological horizon and black hole horizon has larger area in five dimensions than four dimensions. The shear-free gravitational collapse with heat flux is discussed by considering higher dimensional spherically symmetric spacetime as interior metric and higher dimensional Vaidya spacetime as exterior metric. The effects of dissipation on collapse are investigated. A simple approximate higher dimensional conformally flat model is proposed that satisfies the junction conditions. Temperature profile of the proposed model is also calculated. It is concluded that dissipation decreases the collapsing rate and temperature profile of the suggested model. We investigate higher dimensional spherically symmetric anisotropic collapsing solutions of the field equations, and to check the effects of higher dimensions on the density and pressures profile of the collapsing fluid. We have also studied the effects of higher dimensions on the dimensionless measure of an isotropy. Secondly, we study gravitational collapse of a perfect fluid in f(R) theory. We have solved the field equations by assuming linear equation of state (p = ωµ) with ω = −1. We have also discussed formation of apparent horizon and singularity. It is shown that singularity does not depend on the radial coordinate r, and is thus non central, that is, it can take place at all points simultaneously. The dynamics of spherical perfect fluid collapsing model with heat flux is investigated in f(R,G) gravity. For this purpose, we adopt the MisnerSharp formalism to construct the dynamical equations and drive transport equation. Furthermore, we examine the collapsing rate by coupling the transport and dynamical equations. It is noted that for constant f(R,G) model the collapsing rate reduces.
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کارِ سعادت

کارِ سعادت
قیاس ذاتی کسی بھی اعتراض گزار کی بنیادی قوت ہوتی ہے جسے وہ شعور (خود ساختہ شعور جو آرٹ کے درجے میں ہے) کے ذریعے کسی معروضی حقیقتِ مطلق کو اپنے شعور کے مطابق قیاس کر کے مسرور ہوتا ہے تبھی کہا جاتا ہے خود سے یگانگی حقیقت سے بیگانگی کے مترادف ہوتی ہے۔ ہرہیچ مدان و ناتواں کو اپنے عقلِ کل ہونے کا زعم وقوف سے عاری کرتا ہے اس لیے مضحکہ خیز اعتراضات کو فتوحات گردانتا ہے۔ حالاں کہ راست علم ہمیشہ کسی واقعی معروض کی تمیز سے اٹھتا ہے یعنی موجود پر قوتِ امتیاز یا وجدانی ادراک کے ذریعے جوہر کے اسما و شناخت کا سفر طے کیا جاتا ہے۔ ہر چند ہر مذہب موضوعِ علم بننے کی پوری استطاعت رکھتا ہے۔ ہاں مگر ناظر کاصاحبِ وجدان ہونا ازحد ضروری ہوتا ہے۔ چوں کہ ہر قضیہ وجدانی ادراک کے متحرک ہونے سے جنم لیتا ہے۔ ہم زمان و مکان کا ادراک اسی استعداد کی تحریک سے کرتے ہیں۔ اسی لیے ایک طے شدہ امر ہے کہ شعور ِ علمی کی تشکیل میں خارجی معروض کا ہونا بنیادی حیثیت کا حامل ہے۔ اگر خارجی معروض اور اس سے منسوب شعورِ انسانی میں مطابقت نہ ہو تو قضیہ کے بجائے بے بنیاد مناقشات ظہور کرتے ہیں ،جن پہ خارجی واقعیت دلالت نہیں کرتی اور نتیجہ خیز حقانیت کی راہیں بھی برابر مسدود ہوتی جاتی ہیں۔ جب معترضین اپنے خود ساختہ علم کا قابلِ قبول شعور پیدا کرنے سے قاصر ہو جاتے ہیں تو اس کی غلط توجیہات پر قانع ہونے کے شعور سے بھی ہاتھ دھو بیٹھتے ہیں۔ اکثر یوں ہوتا ہے کہ نظریاتی تسکین جب بھی ضرورت سے زیادہ بڑھ جاتی ہے تو معیاری اور یقینی علم کو محال کر دیتی ہے۔
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In Islamic point of view, the family is an institution that starts from the legal bond of marriage. The marriage is a contract that confirms the mutual rights of husband and wife. Including the other rights, one is the provision of maintenance to wife. The wife having leaving  her family and making a life time compromise to live with her husband reserves the right to be exempted from all kind of financial obligations. In Islamic family system, the husband is responsible both in legal and moral angles, to support his wife and provide the maintenance according to his financial status. Likewise, the wife has the right to demand the provision of maintenance from her husband. In time of none Provision, she can take this right through court. The wife reserves this right only if she is willing to live with her husband and does not disobey her husband’s reasonable orders. If it is so, then the stand for provision of maintenance shall be treated as invalid. In this paper, the matter of maintenance provision and its related problems have been discussed in contrast with the Pakistan family Laws which will provide a profound knowledge to the readers.

Mutational Study of Ns5a Gene in Therapy Resistant Patients Infected With Hepatitis C Genotype 3

Hepatitis C is wide spread infectious disease, affecting almost 185 million people worldwide. It is more prevalent in developing and third world countries, where people have poor health facilities and related education. In Pakistan, nearly 10 million people are affected with HCV and majority of the patients belong to poor class with limited resources for treatment. The available conventional therapy for HCV is not 100% successful and almost 50% patients fail to achieve sustained virological response. The rate of treatment response depends on genetic components of virus and host. The aim of this study was to analyze the host and viral genetic variations associated with interferon and ribavirin therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients. Genetic changes in ISDR and PKRBD region of NS5A gene of HCV and variations of human immune gene IL28B were studied in relation with response to HCV treatment. Total of 220 HCV patients, were enrolled, 100 were responders and 120 were non responders to conventional therapy. The whole blood samples were collected for viral RNA and human DNA extraction. HCV genotype was successfully determined in 60% non-responder patients The viral genomic segments were directly sequenced while IL28B SNPS were analyzed by RFLP. The results showed multiple mutations in ISDR and PKRBD regions of NS5A gene, including two consistent missense variants, A2252V and F2252I. In 74.2% (52/75) of the patients, more than 30 mutations were found in the regions. RFLP analysis of IL28B SNPS revealed that rs12980275 AA (p<0.0001), rs12979860 CT (p=0.001) and rs8099917 TT (p=0.032) genotypes are associated with response to treatment where as AG/GG genotype of rs12980275, CC/TT of rs12979860 and GT/GG of rs8099917 are associated with non response to treatment. The un-typed HCV genotypes were further explored by sequencing 5’UTR region and various nucleotide changes were observed. The results revealed the significant association of rs12980275 polymorphism with treatment response in HCV patients followed by rs12979860 and rs8099917 and various mutations in NS5A gene showed impact on treatment response. These finding may help to predict the response to treatment with IFN in HCV patients and may reduce the side effects and cost of treatment in predicting non-responder patients.