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Study of Crustal Variations in the Part of Central Indus Basin With the Help of Integrated Geophysical Data

Thesis Info

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Author

Shazia Asim

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Earth sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1854

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727367868

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The Research Area comprises of Punjab Platform, Sulaiman Foredeep and Eastern Part of Sulaiman Fold Belt (from east to west). Seismic lines are provided by the Directorate General of Petroleum Concessions. The stratigraphic correlation of approximately 3500 km seismic data is done with the help of the well data, formation tops, Synthetics and general stratigraphy of the area. The Time and Depth sections show the subsurface crustal variations. The Structural and Stratigraphical interpretation is done in detail. The 3D subsurface Time and Depth models show the structural highs and trough areas. A research area is divided into four Zones namely, A, B , C & D on the basis of subsurface structural features. Zone A is an eastern most part of the Research area in Punjab Platform where Paleozoic sediments (Permian & Cambrian) are present. Mesozoic sediments (Cretaceous, Jurassic & Triassic) and younger sediments (Paleocene & Eocene) are missing in this zone showing the uplift of Sargodha High during Paleozoic time. An uneven distribution of Paleozoic rocks shows some thickness in east. They show thinning and almost truncation in Sulaiman Foredeep which indicate their depocenter lies in east. This also represents the time of uplift of Sargodha High that shifted depocenter westward. Seismic data shows a thick Mesozoic deposition in Sulaiman Foredeep. They give coastal onlaps on the Permo- Triassic unconformity towards Sargodha High suggesting this as an area of non- deposition. The gradual uplift of Sargodha high continues, tilting the Mesozoic strata. Towards Pezu Uplift the time of major uplift is related to a collision of Indian Plate with Eurasian Plate followed by the period of intense erosion. Below unconformity sediments show an effect of folding and an angular termination against unconformity, suggesting it as an angular unconformity in this region. Paleocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, Cambrian and Pre-Cambrian sediments are uplifted and eroded. Afterwards rapid and thick Eocene and post- Eocene sediments deposition took place in Sulaiman Foredeep. Zone B is an area of thick deposition of Jurassic, Triassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene & Eocene sediments, showing the westward shift of depocenter after Paleozoic age. Paleozoic sediments are thinning in this zone. Mesozoic sediments are thinning towards Punjab Platform. Zone C shows the westward thinning and almost truncation of Cambrian & Permian sediments. An ancient shelf margin of Paleocene age, is marked on various seismic sections of this zone. An eastward truncation of the Vehowa and Chitarwata Formation in terms of 3stratigraphic pinchout shows the maximum extend of Early Miocene and Oligocene strata respectively in Sulaiman Foredeep. Zone D is an eastern part of Sulaiman Fold Belt. It comprises an area of Domanda Fault and Sulaiman Basement Fault. Zone D is further divided into Northern, Central & Southern parts. Northern part comprises of a trough area of Drazinda Synclinal structure which lies between the West Sulaiman Transform Fault and Domanda Fault. The anticlinal structures of Domanda, Gulan & Savi Ragha also lie in this part. Central part consists of a Safed koh trend. Southern part consists of low relief Sakhi Sarwar, Drigri & Kotrum anticlinal structures. Flat- Ramp geometry of the Basement Fault is observed, which separates the Sulaiman Block from Punjab Platform. This could be a tear fault accommodating the differential movements of Punjab platform Block and Sulaiman Block. In Sulaiman Foredeep a prominent effect of flexuring is present in Eocene and older sediments. This is marked on east-west oriented seismic sections. This effect is related with the time of collision of Indian plate and westward resistance provided by a Sulaiman Basement Fault. A normal fault is also marked in a seismic section which cuts the over all strata. The sediments are detached and in west the anticlines are formed as a fault propagation folds. Seismic data confirms the presence of Pre- Cambrian rocks in the subsurface through out the area. The Salt Range Formation is present in Punjab Platform. There is a transition zone in west where seismic data shows presence of thick sediments of equivalent age. An ancient Paleohigh of Paleozoic age is present in Bahawalpur area. It is extending in the south. It has a deposition of Jurassic & Triassic sediments while Paleocene & Cretaceous sediments onlap on Jurassic, then Eocene sediments are deposited over it.
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Role of Pakistan as a Frontline State and its Sociocultural Impact

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Characterization and Bio-Control of Fruit and Root Rot Pathogens of Bell Pepper

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) belongs to family ‘Solanaceae’ is among the most popular and highly profitable vegetable throughout the world. Among various biotic constraints fruit and root rot fungal pathogens contribute the most in reducing the bell pepper produce qualitatively and quantitatively throughout the worldwide including Pakistan. No detailed studies prior to this work have been conducted in Pothohar plateau, Punjab, Pakistan. Consequently, there was a dire need to conduct a comprehensive study for documenting prevalence and incidence of fruit and root rot diseases. Moreover, fungicides are being used extensively against the disastrous fruit and root rot pathogens. These fungicides not only contaminate the environment but also are health risk for human beings. During 2015-16 and 2016-17 bell pepper cropping season, extensive surveys were conducted in 9 tehsils/territory of Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum, Rawalpindi and Islamabad territory. A total of 8 greenhouses and 45 farmer’s fields/low plastic tunnels were visited at seedling and maturity stage to document fungal pathogen associated with fruit and root rot of bell pepper and their incidence. The survey revealed four pathogens viz. Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Botrytis, and Alternaria were found responsible for fruit rot in bell pepper. In greenhouse, Botrytis was mainly found associated with fruit rot with 15.13 percent fruit rot incidence (%FRI) followed by Fusarium (13.63%) and Alternaria (9.69%). In open fields the Colletotrichum (20.73%) was mainly found associated with fruit rot, followed by Fusarium (12.04%), Alternaria (8.92%) and Botrytis (6.73%). Three pathogens viz. Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium were found associated with root rot. At seedling stage, the mean incidence of Rhizoctonia was the maximum (19.25%) followed by Fusarium (15.63%) and Sclerotium (4.63%) root rot. In low plastic tunnels, the overall incidence of Fusarium was the maximum (15.98%) followed by Rhizoctonia (14.1%) and Sclerotium (7.38%) root rot. At maturity stage in greenhouses, the incidence of Fusarium was the maximum (9.25%) followed by Rhizoctonia (6.22%) and Sclerotium (4.94%) root rot. However, in open fields, the incidence of Sclerotium was the maximum (14.35%) followed by Fusarium (8.31%) and Rhizoctonia (6.15%) root rot. Analysis of fruit and root rot samples employing morphological characterization, showed prevalence of 8 fungal species (Colletotrichum truncatum, Fusarium incarnatum, Fusarium proliferatum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium equiseti, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii) belonging to 6 genera. Phylogenetic analysis showed the genetic homology of the subject isolates with previously submitted isolates in GenBank, confirming the morphological characterization. Highly virulent isolates of the most prevalent pathogen from fruit (C. truncatum isolate ACT12) and root (F. equiseti isolate FJH15) established during the pathogenicity test were selected for in vitro bio-control trials. Among natural compounds, chitosan was found the most effective with 55.55% radial mycelial growth inhibition at 2.5% concentration followed by salicylic acid (53.33%) and calcium chloride (27.77%). All the tested volatiles completely inhibited the radial mycelial growth at 100 ppm. Out of three Trichoderma species, T. harzianum was found the most effective with the maximum percent RMGI of 56.1%, followed by T. viride (53.5%) and T. hamatum (48.7%). The present study documents the fruit and root rot pathogens in Pothohar Plateau, Punjab, Pakistan. The morpho-molecular characterization further identifies pathogens up to specie level. The exploration of bio-control strategies in vitro will help to develop effective management under field conditions.