حديث أُمرت أن أقاتل الناس حتى يشهدوا: دراسة في حرية الاعتقاد والفعل

One of the greatest epistemological accomplishments that Muslims have achieved is the establishment of an accurate system of deriving rulings from Sharia texts, which is known as ‘principles of jurisprudence’ or Usūl ul Fiq. Among the significant contents of these subject is dealing with the text which apparently contradicts to other basic principles of Islam or objectives of Sharī’ah. The job of a jurist becomes more significant and difficult in devising the judgments and interpreting the texts as reported by the fundamentalists: inquiring the validity of the texts, finding its weakness with respect to strong argument, and comparing them in terms of authenticity. Other times, he tries to reconcile between the contradictions by keeping in view a meaning consistent with Sharī’ah. The application of these principles gave birth to the variety and diversity of opinions on account of Ijtihād. Keeping in view the above preamble, the author addressed one of the famous Ahadith of Holy Prophet PBUH: “I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify.”. This saying of Holy Prophet PBUH attracted Muslim thinkers in past and present to address its meanings and application. Likewise some related debate has emerged in the modern period as regards whether the term "people" in the hadith is used generically or specifically - forcing these people to Islam after defeating? The author in this context, addressed the terminology of hadith, its apparent contradiction with the principles of Sharī’ah, legal maxims, provisions, diverse interpretations, and added his own opinion. Descriptive and qualitative research approach was employed for the collection, demonstration and analysis of data.

Expression Patterns of P53 and Her2/Neu in Primary Ovarian Carcinomas

Background: Ovarian tumours are common neoplasms of the female genital tract and a leading cause of cancer mortality among women. There is paucity of local Kenyan data on the morphologic subtypes of ovarian tumours and the expression of select prognostic markers in ovarian carcinomas has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and describe the patterns of p53 and HER2/neu expression in primary ovarian carcinomas and to describe the clinical and pathologic features of ovarian tumours diagnosed at the Pathology Laboratory of the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken. Electronic histopathology reports of all ovarian tumours diagnosed over a three year period in the Histopathology department at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi Laboratory were retrieved. Clinical and pathologic data were recorded. Haematoxylin-eosin stained slides of the ovarian carcinomas were reviewed and appropriate paraffin-embedded blocks selected and retrieved from the archives for immunohistochemistry. Additional paraffin blocks of primary ovarian carcinomas diagnosed consecutively over a 2 year period from the Aga Khan Hospital Kisumu, and the AICKijabeHospital were included in the study after review of haematoxylin-eosin stained slides. Sections were cut from all the selected ovarian carcinoma blocks and stained for HER2/neu and p53 using standard immunohistochemical techniques. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 and are presented in tables and charts. Results: Three-hundred and seventy-four ovarian tumours were diagnosed at Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi during the study period. The median age for malignant tumours was 51.1 years. The most common benign tumour was mature cystic teratoma (44.3% 95%CI ±5.68%). The most common malignant tumour was serous carcinoma (44.7% 95%CI ±11.43%). Forty-three point three percent (95%CI 32.1-55.2%) of carcinomas were positive for p53 and 13.4% (95%CI 7.2-23.6%) were positive for HER2/neu. Serous carcinoma (61.1% 95%CI±15.9%) and adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (33.3% 95%CI ±11.3%) were more likely to be positive for p53. There was no association noted between the histologic grade or pathologic stage and positivity for p53. There was no association noted between staining for HER2/neu and histologic type, histologic grade or pathologic stage of carcinoma. Conclusion: The proportion of histologic subtypes of primary ovarian tumours that were diagnosed is similar that described in literature. There is no significant difference in the expression patterns of both p53 and HER2/neu from that described in literature.