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Study of Ion-Induced Atomic Excitations and Kinetic Electron Emission from Elemental and Composite Targets

Thesis Info

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Author

Dogar, Ashiq Hussain

Program

PhD

Institute

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences

City

Islamabad

Province

Pakistan

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2008

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4886/1/2966H.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676727378472

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مولانا محمد اسمٰعیل نانا[جنوبی افریقا]

مولانا محمد اسمعٰیل نانا
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ رمضان میں جانسبرگ(جنوبی افریقہ)کے ایک جید عالم اورنہایت مخیر بزرگ مولانا محمد اسمعٰیل کاانتقال ہوگیا مرحوم اصل باشندہ ڈابہیل یاسملک ضلع سورت گجرات کے تھے۔ہم لوگ جب ڈابہیل پہنچے ہیں اس وقت مدرسہ میں متوسطان پڑھتے تھے۔ مفتی صاحب اورراقم الحروف دونوں کے اسباق میں پابندی سے شریک ہوتے اورصبح وشام کمرہ میں حاضر رہتے تھے۔ اس زمانہ میں گاندھی جی کی تحریک سول نافرمانی چل رہی تھی۔حکومت نے اس میں شریک ہونے والوں کی جائیدادیں ضبط کرکے ان کوفروخت کرنا شروع کیا تھا۔اس پرمولانا مفتی عتیق الرحمن صاحب عثمانی نے اپنا مشہور اورمعرکتہ الآرا فتوی دیا کہ ان جائیدادوں پرحکومت کاقبضہ ناجائز اورحرام ہے اس لیے کسی مسلمان کے لیے ایسی جائیداد کاخریدنا جائز نہیں ہے۔ اس فتوی سے ایوان حکومت میں زلزلہ آگیا اور فتوی ضبط کرلیا گیا۔ اس موقع پر مرحوم مولوی محمد اسمعٰیل نانانے بڑی جرأت مندی اور دلیری کاثبوت دیا، اس فتوے کاگجراتی زبان میں ترجمہ کیا،ہزاروں کی تعداد میں طبع کیا اور پھر راتوں رات خفیہ طورپر دورہ کرکے اسے ایک ایک مسلمان کے گھر پہنچایا۔مرحوم نے جو کچھ پڑھا تھا شوق،محنت اوردلچسپی سے پڑھا تھا، مطالعہ کے خوگر تھے۔اس لیے علمی استعداد پختہ تھی۔طبیعت کے شروع ہی سے نیک اوردین دار تھے۔فراغت کے بعد جنوبی افریقہ چلے گئے اور کاروبار شروع کیا تولکھ پتی بن گئے۔ نہایت مخیر اورسیرچشم تھے، عربی مدارس کی امداد بہت دل کھول کر کرتے تھے۔ کتنے ہی مولوی صاحبان اورحاجت مندوں کے مستقل ماہانہ وظائف انھوں نے مقرر کررکھے تھے۔بصرف زرِکثیر متعدد دینی کتابوں کااردو سے انگریزی میں ترجمہ کرایا اور بڑے اہتمام سے چھاپ کر انھیں شائع کیا۔ دیوبند اوراس کے علماء کے نام کے عاشق تھے۔ کئی سال سے فالج کے شدید مرض میں مبتلا تھے اورصاحب فراش ہوگئے تھے لیکن اس عالم میں...

Human Capital and Foreign Direct Investment: Lessons for Pakistan

Foreign direct investment plays a key role in economic development of all countries. Because of its enormous importance, a large number of empirical studies has focused on finding out the factors determining foreign direct investment. Level of human capital development is one of the major factors influencing foreign inflows. However, earlier studies examining impact of human capital on foreign investment inflows has majorly used literacy rate, school enrolment and government spending on education as its proxies. This paper also examines the impact of human capital as determinant of foreign direct investment. Contrary to earlier empirical studies, it uses cognitive skills as proxy for human capital. Cognitive skills measure the quality of education instead of literacy rate or government spending on education as proxy for human capital. Results indicate that human capital has significant positive effect on foreign direct investment for sample countries. This result is robust to disaggregated data for developed and developing countries. Other factors that determine foreign direct investment inflows are inflation, capital account openness, trade account openness and real income. Based on empirical results, it is recommended that the relevant authorities must make human capital as part and parcel of strategies aimed at augmenting economic growth in the country. There is also a lesson for a developing country like Pakistan to focus more on quality of education instead of school enrolment or education spending for attracting foreign direct investment to boost economic activity (J.E.L Classification Codes: O4, O15, P22).

Baseline Study of Coconut Scale, Aspidiotus Destructor Signoret Hemiptera: Diaspididae and its Management on Mango Mangifera Indica L.

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a very serious insect pest in both tropical and subtropical regions. The pest causes chlorosis, defoliation and dieback on wide range of crops. In Pakistan, both early and late season mango cultivars are frequently infested by A. destructor from July to December each year. Despite heavy losses to mango crops, little information about the seasonal population fluctuation, general biology and management are known about this pest in Pakistan. This study was undertaken to (1) establish baseline information regarding population dynamics, efficiency of native parasitoids of A. destructor and biology; (2) physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in mango plant leaves under A. destructor infestation; and (3) use of gamma irradiation and insecticides for the control of various stages of A. destructor. In the first objective, I determined that the populations of A. destructor built up in July with peak in October to November and lowest from December to June and having a significant correlation with wind velocity and rainfall. Parasitism by Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and an Anagyrus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on A. destructor reached to peaks in November (13.6 and 16.3 %) and December (14.2 and 14.9 %) during 2011–12 and 2012–13, respectively. In developmental biology study, I determined that males had four immature stages and an adult stage and females had two immature stages with pre-oviposition and oviposition stages; and total developmental span for male and female was 27 and 39.5 days, respectively. Physiological parameters such as leaf area, leaf biomass, chlorophyll a, b and carotene contents as well as total soluble protein (TSP) decreased while proline accumulation increased with increasing A. destructor infestation period. Stress markers like malandialdihyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as antioxidants enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) were determined as per their established protocols. Increasing trend in MDA contents indicated lipid peroxidation while up regulation of antioxidants enzymes revealed a well- defined defense response to scale insects infestation in the three mango cultivars. DNA (Deoxyribonucliec acid) damage study was conducted by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique using different markers. This technique confirmed that RAPD is a very effective tool in investigating genotoxicity caused by A. destructor in mango leaves. Co- 60 gamma irradiation was used to determine mortality of various stages of A. destructor at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar. I found egg stage as the most susceptible and 2nd instar nymphs as the most tolerant stage to gamma irradiation. In large- scale validation tests, a dose of 228 Gy provided quarantine security for all stages of A. destructor on exported commodities. Physiochemical analysis and sensory quality of irradiated and un-irradiated mango fruits were investigated. I determined that irradiation had no negative impact on mango fruit, but rather imcrease it’s shelf life as irradiated fruits retained its nutritional quality and were acceptable to consumer for long time on the basis of sensory quality scoring than un-irradiated fruits. I evaluated eight insecticides against A. destructor, in which highest percent mortalities was recorded with petroleum oil, imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen as compared to mineral oil, thiamethoxam, bifenthrin and profenofos against all life stage of the scale insect. Overall results of my dissertation suggest that management strategy plan for A. destructor may be designed in June-July with focus on crawler stage and insecticides application may be done in July or early August when there is least parasitoid ctivities in the field. I recommend irradiation dose of 228 Gy for 100 % mortality of A. destructor in mango fruits for export purpose. For future study predators, viruses and other parasitiods associated with A. destructor can be explored with quantification of irradiation stress to mango plant.