Study of Mathematical Models for Blood Flow Through Arterial Stenosis In this dissertation investigations are carried out for steady two-dimensional motion of an incompressible Newtonian and second grade fluid through the channel and tube. The hemodynamic behavior of blood flow is analyzed in the presence of an arterial stenosis. In the present study Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates are considered respectively for the flow in the channel and in an axisymmetric tube with heat transfer having stenosis of cosine shape. Length of stenosis is assumed to be large as compared to the semi width of the channel or the radius of the tube. The basic governing equations are the Navier-Stokes equations which are reduced to stream function formulation by using transformation. In the last two chapters blood is assumed to behave as an isothermal Oldroyd-B fluid through the channel and tube. By eliminating pressure gradient term form momentum equations, compatibility equation is obtained. The resulting compatibility and energy equations are highly nonlinear and solved analytically with the help of two methods namely the regular perturbation method (RPM) and the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). In case of regular perturbation method δ, which is the ratio of semi width of the channel or radius of the tube to the length of the channel or tube, is considered as a small parameter. The solutions thus obtained from the present analysis are represented in terms of streamlines, wall shear stress, zero wall shear stress, pressure gradient and temperature distribution on blood flow through stenosed channel and tube. Its worthy to mention that results presented in this dissertation are compared with already published results which ensures good agreement. It is found that wall shear stress, pressure gradient and temperature increases with the development of stenosis and causing separation and reattachment points in the region. It is found that even at low xiiivelocity separation is observed, if the thickness of the stenosis is increased. Detailed discussion and graphical representations are also provided.
اس کا نام تو مراد بخش تھا لیکن اس کی قسمت میں نامرادی لکھ دی گئی تھی۔ خوش بختی سے اسے ایک چاند سی بیوی تو ملی تھی لیکن اس چاند کو گہن لگا ہوا تھا۔ اس کے ارد گرد جگ مگ کرتے ہوئے تاروں کا دور دور تک نام و نشان نہیں تھا۔ وہ اور اس کی بیوی امید و آس کے ہر ایک دروازے پر دستک دے چکے تھے لیکن مراد بخش کی آرزوؤں کا چاند نیلگوں آسمان پر تنہا ڈوبتا ابھرتا رہا۔ اس کی ماں بہو کی گود ہری دیکھنے کی تمنا لیے اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئی۔ آخر بارہ برس کا طویل انتظار کچھ کم تو نہیں ہوتا۔ یہاں تو بارہ گھنٹے بارہ منٹ اور بارہ پل میں دنیا کہاں سے کہاں جا پہنچتی ہے۔ اس کی ماں بھی اپنی سونی آنکھوں اور خالی بانہوں میں ایک نرم و گرم اور سبک و لطیف لمس کی تمنا لیے اپنے مالک حقیقی سے شکایت کرنے آپہنچی۔ لیکن پھر بھی گھر کا چراغ روشن نہ ہوا۔ آنگن میں لگے ہوئے بیلا کے پودوں پر اُجلے اُجلے پھول نہ کھلے۔ کیاریوں میں جمائے گئے رنگ برنگ تخم زمین کی نرمی سے ہم آغوش ہوکر بھی انکور نہ ہوسکے اور حسبِ معمول اس بار بھی نیم کے پیڑ پر پھل تو لگے لیکن کسی کوئل کے کوکنے کی صدا سنائی نہ دی۔ اب مراد بخش اپنے دوست احباب سے بھی کترانے لگا تھا۔ ہمدردی کے دو بول اسے اپنے سینے میں کانٹے کی طرح چبھتے ہوئے محسوس ہوتے۔ کچھ منہ پھٹ قسم کے شناسا اسے اپنے طنز کا نشانہ بنائے رکھتے تھے اور موقع پاکر کوئی نہ کوئی لطیفہ اس کی شخصیت سے جوڑنے میں انہیں خاصا لطف آتا تھا۔ وہ تلملا کر رہ جاتا۔ کبھی اپنی کڑواہٹ کو مسکراہٹ میں چھپانے اور کبھی اس طرح انجان...
Location of Pakistan has great geo-political and geo-strategic significance in the South Asian region. Pakistan played an important role for the strategic goals of the United States during the ruling periods of President Zia-ul-Haq and President Musharraf. As a frontline state Pakistan received economic and military assistance, during the period of President Zia-ul-Haq, for supporting US interests against Soviet invasion in Afghanistan. After 9/11, due to its strategic location, Pakistan became the ally of the United States against terrorism and the biggest beneficiary of US economic assistance in the region. However, as a result of these policies Islamic extremism, sectarian violence and ethnic cleavages cropped up in the society, shattering social and cultural values. The purpose of this research paper is to highlight the key role played by Pakistan as a frontline state and its impact on the Pakistani society. This research paper follows descriptive and analytical methods.
Keeping in view teachers important role in providing education and having everlasting influence upon the students it was decided to conduct a study to support the teachers by exploring their practices according to the teachers’ code of conduct. The title of this study was assessment of teachers'' code of conduct and its implementation at secondary school level. The important objective of the study was to explore the gaps between teachers’ perceptions and their practices. The study was descriptive in nature and data was gathered through a survey. The population of the study was comprised of all head teachers of secondary schools, teachers and students of secondary classes from all male and female secondary schools working in public sector in province of the Punjab. Multistage and simple random sample techniques were used for selection of the sample. Five hundred forty teachers, two hundred seventy head teachers and two thousand seven hundred students were participants of the study. The research tools (four type questionnaires and observation sheet) were self-designed and were based upon the content of code of conduct that was comprised by the government of the Punjab province Pakistan. Through experts opinions and by conducting a pilot study validity and reliability of the tools were determined and tools were finalized. Collected quantitative data was analysed by using SPSS-20 version. Open ended data was analysed by using Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis was done by using mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, and one way ANOVA. The results showed that slightly more than half of the respondents have positive attitude toward teachers’ perceptions. The study exposed teachers practices’ were not according to the teachers’ code of conduct. The results of the study uncovered gaps between teachers’ perceptions and teachers’ practices. The results of open ended items showed that for enhancing teachers’ performance financial, social and legal improvement is required. Finding showed that the government and other concerning authorities should focus upon teacher education to improve teachers’ working. Respondents viewed that proper training and continuously backing of the teachers can increase level of teachers’ practices that may remove the gaps between their perceptions and practices. Thus concerning authorities should design new courses, arrange seminars and training sessions to educate the working teachers. The study recommended further research in the field of teacher education so that teachers’ practices become according to the prescribed code of conduct.