Study of Non-Standard Interactions in Rare Mesonic Decays The study of rare decays and search for new physics are entangled with each other. The importance of these decays highly increases if the decay products contain dineutrinos in theirnal state due to its theoretically cleanest nature. In this scenario, for detailed illustration, we will use the pure and semileptonic rare decays of pseudoscalar mesons with missing energy and study the role of NSIs on Br and non standard parametersqL andqR by using model-independent analysis. We investigate the long distance dominated (in the standard model) processes D+ s ! K+, D0 !0 and short distance dominated (in the standard model) D+ s ! D+ decays for the purpose of non-standard neutrino interactions (NSIs). The branching ratios of D+ s ! K+; D0 !0 and D+ s ! D+ decays are calculated in the framework of NSIs. The values of non- standard parametersuL ,dL anddL for = = e or are found. Analysis of NSIs are extended by incorporating the second and third generations of quarks. We investigate that why the only available non-standard parameter constraints in the literature areuL anddL ;and why we are unable tond bounds on non-standard parameters, pertaining to second and third generation, i.e.bL , sL ;cL andtL . Contrary to quark sector, in charged lepton sector, non- standard parameterseL , L and L , relevant to second and third generations, are good constraints. We investigate D+ s ! K+; D0 !0 and D+ !+ decays, in whichavor changing neutral current (FCNC) involve only up type quarks, i.e. c ?!u as an external particles and down type (d; s; b) quarks propagating in the loop. While in K+ !+, D+ s ! D+ and B0 s ?! B0 FCNC involves down type quarks, i.e. s ?! d as an external lines, and up type (u; c; t) quark propagating inside the loop. The comparative study of the processes is done to check the generation sensitivity of the parameters of NSIs. We show that the dominant and comparable contribution of NSI is due to the rst and second generation, i.e. (u; d) and (c; s) quarks, while contribution of (t; b ) quarks is highly suppressed at radiative level, which is contrary to the SM. Furthermore, We present the comparative study of semileptonic and leptonic decays of Ds;D(D ! l , D ! l l , D s ! K l+ l?(v ) along with D ! Ml l ; M =;K and; = e;) within the framework of R-parity violating Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). The comparison shows that combination(i 0 ijq) and product couplings ( 0 qk0jq); contributing to the branching fractions of the processes D0 !+ ?; D+ ! l , D+ s ! l ; D0 ! K?e+ e; D s ! K l+ l?and D! l+ l?(both for = and 6= ), are either consistent or comparable with the existing experimental data, when calculating in the R-parity violating SUSY model. Hence the golden channel for the study of new physics is provided. Contrary to that, processes like D0 ! e+e?;D0 !?l+ , D+ !0l+ and D0 ! K?l+ are accommodated well in SM, but unfavorable for the study of new physics. We identify such type of processes in our analyses and single out the important ones, suitable for exploring in the current and future experiments.
سخنانِ چند عصرِ حاضرمیں محبت کی ندرت اور مشاہدے کی گہرائی کے ساتھ اپنے خارج و باطن میں جھانک کر اور حرف ومعانی سے اپنے والہانہ لگائو سے فن شعر سے وابستگی رکھنے کی روایت کس مقام پہ ہے اس کو نقدو نظر کی دنیا کے امام ہی بہتر جانتے ہیں لیکن اس گئے گزرے دور اور عہد ناپُرساں میں قلم و قرطاس سے اپنا رشتہ مضبوطی سے قائم رکھنے والوں میں جو اہلِ قلم میں اپنے ہونے کا یقین کامل دلاتے ہیں ان میں تائب نظامی کا نام اپنی منفرد شناخت رکھتا ہے۔ ان کے اشعار میں ہمارے تہذیبی معاشرتی اورفکری رویوں کی بازگشت بڑی نمایاں ملتی ہے۔ گردوپیش کی زندگی اور اس کا منظرنامہ ان کے ہاں ایک فکری رنگ میں یوں سامنے آتا ہے کہ ہم خود شاعر کے فی بطنہہٖ موجود احساسات کے ساتھ خود کو ہم آمیز پاتے ہیں۔ فنی وفکری التزامات ہوں یا سہلِ ممتنع کے انداز میں شعرگوئی تائب نظامی اس کائنات میں اپنی ریاضت فن کے جوہر دکھلاتے نظرآتے ہیں انسانوں کی زندگی پر انسانوں ہی کے ستم ، بے رُخی اور اجارہ داریوں کے زخموں کا بیاں ہو، محبتوں کی ناسپاسی اور بے قدری کا ذکر ہو یا معاشرتی رویوں کے ہاتھوں انسانوں کے آنسوئوں کا تذکرہ ہو، یہ سب ان کی شاعری کا حسن بیاں ہے۔ سیاست کے مکروہ جہاں کے اندھیروں میں لوٹ کھسوٹ کا عالم ہو یا گئے زمانوں کی محبتوں کے مزار پہ اپنے اشکوں کا نذرانہ عقیدت ہو تائب نظامی کے ہاں ایک سلجھی ہوئی علمی روایت کے دیپ روشن نظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کے ’’صبحِ قفس ‘‘ میں حمد و نعت کے پھول ہوں یا منقبت اہلِ بیت و صحابہ کرامؓ کے روشن دیپ ہوں ان کی ارادت و عقیدت ’’قربان جائیے‘‘ کا رُوپ لیے اپنا اظہار کرتی ہے۔ اُن کی غزل...
Electrical energy is the most efficient and the cleanest form of energy at the moment that is being transmitted and distributed amongst end-users. From its earlier days, the AC system was preferred as an economical solution for transmission and distribution. However, the development in the power electronics technology and the evolution of highly efficient power electronic converters have established the resurgence of DC power system. Furthermore, the trend is shifting towards DC loads as various energy efficient appliances, such as DC inverter air conditioners, operate on DC nowadays. This further advocates the shift towards the DC power system. This research works is an effort to perform the comparative analysis of AC Distribution System (ACDS) and DC Distribution System (DCDS), with regards to power quality and harmonic distortion in particular. The comparison is performed considering load profile and load variation on daily basis. Simulations are performed in MATLAB. It has been concluded at the end that ACDS is better than DCDS in terms of power quality as total harmonic distortion of the DCDS under the same loading and same load variation during the whole day was significantly higher than that of ACDS.
This thesis deals with statistical analysis of the lifetime mixture models under Bayesian approach. Type-I right censored sampling scheme is used. Choice of distribution is made keeping in view the originality and applicability. These contain Inverse Rayleigh, Gunmbel Type-II, Frechet, Inverse Weibull and Inverted Exponential distributions. These mixtures distribution have not been explored so far in Bayesian setup. Bayes estimators for the parameters of the mixture models are derived in closed form using type-I right censoring. To conduct Bayesian analysis, informative and noninformative priors are considered while three different loss functions, Squared error loss function, Precautionary loss function and DeGroot loss function are employed. A thorough simulation study is made to scrutinize the properties of proposed Bayes estimators. For the Inverse Weibull model, when all the parameters are unknown, Bayes estimators can not be gained in closed form, thus importance sampling technique is used to get the Bayes estimate in this case. For the elicitation of hyperparametrs , we used prior predictive and prior mean method. Limiting expressions of the Bayes estimators and their corresponding posterior risks are also derived. For the Inverse Weibull distribution, Bayes estimators and the posterior risks for reliability function are also discussed. Graphical representation of the simulation analysis results are also presented for each mixture model. Applications of these mixture models are also offered by applying a real data set in each case.