Plant based medicines are being extensively utilized for the treatment of different health ailments due to the presence of abundant number of secondary metabolites. Apricot is a highly nutritious fruit with a rich composition of health promoting compounds and a unique taste. Secondary metabolites found in apricot promot the human health due to their capability of combatting the oxidation reactions taking place in the body. Apricot belongs to subclass Rosidae, family Rosaceae and Genus Prunus small to medium-sized tree with a trunk having dense spreading canopy. Fruit of this plant possess pharmacologically important activities. Therefore, current study was conducted to assess the biological and phytochemical properties of apricot in vitro and in vivo by using different techniques. Apricot fruit samples were assessed for their amino acids profile, antioxidant, antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective effects as well P-gp mediated drug resistant efflux. Samples were taken from three different areas of Pakistan i.e. Gilgit apricot fruit sample (GAFS), Quetta apricot fruit sample (QAFS) and Ayubia apricot fruit sample (AAFS). Among the tested cultivars, GAFS has provided better physico-chemical and biological attributes due to having high levels of phytochemicals. Higher amount of phenolic contents (122.6±4.26 mg gallic acid equivalent per100 g) were found in GAFS followed by AAFS (112.4±3.28 mg gallic acid equivalent per100 g), and QAFS (82.17±7.82 mg gallic acid equivalent per100 g). GAFS determined as having ascorbic acid (28.24+ 2.46 mg per100g) is more than AAFS (22.3+ 2.62 mg per100g) and QAFS (21.15+ 1.22 mg per100g) on dry weight basis. Higher levels of flavonoids (94.18±2.46 mg quercetin equivalent per 100 gm) were found in QAFS as compared to GAFS (92.18±2.9 mg quercetin equivalent per100 gm) and AAFS (84±3.6 mg quercetin equivalent per100 gm). Major minerals in GAFS were determined as Ca (41.4+ 1.2), Cr (0.168+0.02), Cu (7.86+1.0), Fe (3.42+0.21), Mg (33.7+2.49) Mn (0.22+0.11) and Zn (0.2+0.01). Apricot fruit samples from Gilgit (GAFS) found having significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTs, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. Fruit samples QAFS and AAFS also exhibited significant antioxidant and free radicals scavenging activity using FRAP and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Higher Ferric reducing antioxidant activity was observed for GAFS (38.6 + 3.17 percent) as compared to QAFS (32.4 + 1.73) and AAFS (29.4 + 0.011) at concentration of (500 μg per ml). μg per ml). μg per ml). μg per ml). μg per ml). μg per ml). μg per ml). μg per ml). The IC50 value of GAFS was (97.41 μg), with reference to (r2 = 0.987). Fruit extracts have shown significant results in maintaining the normal levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin) determined after the induction of CCL4. Apricot fruit extract also exhibited significant inhibitory effect on intestinal P-gp related functionality which resulted in significant increase of talinolol concentration in blood plasma (Cmax and AUC0–12 were 1.62 ± 0.062 and 10.05 ± 0.079, respectively). The results of the present study revealed that fruit extracts of apricot are a good source for nutraceuticals having therapeutically important biological activity. Therefore phytochemical compounds like quercetin and others can be a good source of pharmaceutical materials required for the preparation of important medicines for human and animals against ailments having tolerable or very low side effects.
ڈاکٹر اسحق مرحوم کچھ لوگ ایسے ہوتے ہیں، جو نام و نمود کے لیے سرگرداں رہتے ہیں، لیکن یہ ان سے گریزاں رہتی ہے، کچھ لوگ ایسے بھی ہوتے ہیں جو اس کے خواہاں تو نہیں ہوتے لیکن یہ ان کے پیچھے لگی رہتی ہے اور وہ نہ صرف اپنے معاصروں اورہم چشموں میں عزت کی نگاہ سے دیکھے جاتے ہیں بلکہ اپنی وفات کے بعد بھی محبت سے یاد کیے جاتے ہیں، ڈاکٹر محمد اسحق (جن کو مرحوم لکھتے وقت دلی رنج ہوتا ہے) ایسے ہی لوگوں میں تھے۔ وہ ۱۲؍ ستمبر ۱۹۶۹ء کو کلکتہ میں حرکت قلب کے بند ہوجانے سے اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے، ان کا کوئی سوانح نگار ان کے سوانح حیات لکھنے بیٹھے تو ان کی روداد زندگی کو طویل اور ضخیم تو نہیں بناسکتا لیکن ان کے کارنامے کچھ ایسے ہیں جن کو قلمبند کرنے میں ان کی روداد حیات اگر طویل نہیں ہوسکتی ہے تو دلنشین ضرور ہوجائے گی۔ وہ کلکتہ میں ۱۸۹۸ء میں پیدا ہوئے، وہاں کے مدرسہ عالیہ اور ہیر اسکول میں تعلیم پائی، پھر اسکاٹش چرچ کالج سے ۱۹۲۱ء میں بی ایس سی کیا، سائنس کی تعلیم پانے کے بعد ایم، اے میں عربی لے لی، ۱۹۲۳ء میں کلکتہ یونیورسٹی سے اس مضمون میں فرسٹ کلاس پایا، ۱۹۲۴ء میں ڈھاکہ یونیورسٹی میں عربی اور اسلامیات کے لکچرار مقرر ہوئے، ۱۹۲۶ء میں کلکتہ اسلامیہ کالج میں عربی و فارسی دونوں مضامین کے لکچرار ہوکر اپنے مولد واپس آگئے، ۱۹۲۷ء میں کلکتہ یونیورسٹی کے لکچرار ہوگئے، جہاں ۳۳ سال کی خدمت کے بعد اسی یونیورسٹی سے عربی اور فارسی کے ریڈر اور صدر کی حیثیت سے ریٹائر ہوئے۔ ان کے علمی ذوق کے تنوع کا اندازہ اس سے ہوگا کہ سائنس کی تعلیم پانے کے باوجود عربی اور فارسی کا ذوق بہت اچھا رکھتے تھے، عربی میں ایم،اے کی...
This paper establishes a novel breakthrough in my world pioneering academic theory of unfolding the miracles ofIslam in Mathematical Sciences. Ofparticular significance is the humble step on the way of computing the First Minimum Newtonian Approximation (FMNA) of the distance between the lobe of the ear and the shoulder ofone of the bearer angels of the Divine Throne of Allah the Almighty according to the approved correct speech ofProphet Muhammad(p). The paper makes an effort to illustrate that at the top level of human intelligence, even numbers, dimensions, spaces and all other forms of human knowledge would definitely prostrate in full submission to the greatness ofAllah, the most exalted.
The study aimed to explore the challenges students face in their transition from middle to high school and the effect of these challenges on them in a private high school in the context of Chitral. This school is situated in a rural area of Pakistan, where students from various middle schools get admission after passing their grade-eight exam. A case study design within qualitative research methodology was employed to explore the transitional challenges and their effects on students during their transition from middle to high school. Overall, the sample consisted of twelve students, ten parents, four teachers and three school principals. The data were gathered through observations of the school activities, interviews of principals and teachers, focused group discussion with parents and students and document analysis. The results of the study highlighted some of the academic and social challenges and their effects on students during their transition from middle to high school. The common academic challenges include high homework load, parental and teachers' expectations of high grades, high number of monthly tests, lack of subject specialist teachers, and lack of individualized attention by teachers. Social challenges faced by students were lack of English speaking culture in middle schools hampering relationship formation, lack of peers' support during transition, cultural norms and low sporting facilities hampering relationships, and cold attitude of middle school principals towards students. The study also found that transitional challenges had both positive and negative effects on students' social and academic performance. From the results of the study it also appeared that students do not receive adequate academic and social support in middle schools, which hinders their smooth transition to high school. The findings also revealed that intervention programmes in high school include strict rules, co-curricular activities and academic support such as extra classes and co-teaching practices, which does help to an extent, yet these intervention programmes were not sufficient to ameliorate the ailments of transitional challenges. According to the results of the study, parental support came in the form of their help in homework, provision of financial assistance and emotional guidance, having high expectations of their children, and volunteering. The study also found that students mostly use emotion focused coping strategies (procrastination, avoiding social relationships, divine support, and teachers help) as compared to problem focused coping strategies (proper scheduling, more time to studies, and organization). The study also concluded that long journeys due to distance hindered both academic