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Home > Study of Pine Tree Rings for Investigating Past Disturbances and Some Aspects of Forest Ecology in Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Study of Pine Tree Rings for Investigating Past Disturbances and Some Aspects of Forest Ecology in Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Thesis Info

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Author

Bokhari, Tasveer Zahra

Program

PhD

Institute

Government College University Lahore

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Botany

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/222

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727387148

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The present investigation focuses on dendrochronological studies of various pine forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Their quantitative survey, population structure and multivariate analyses are also presented. Wood samples of five conifers from different sites of Azad Jammu and Kashmir were taken. These species were Abies pindrow Royle, Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.), Picea smithiana (Wall) Boiss, Pinus roxburghii Sargent and Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson respectively. Crossdating of all samples was done by using skeleton plot technique. Among these, two species (Abies pindrow and Cedrus deodara) from four sites (Pir Chinasi, Sudhan Gali, Kail and Keran) gave long series with sensitive ring sequences which were cross matched successfully. The remaining sites and species were not included as they had short series with almost similar ring sequences (complacent rings). The two above mentioned species showed some signs like scars, wounds, cracks and sensitive rings due to various past disturbance events like earthquakes, landslides, fire etc. Raw and standardized versions of tree ring chronologies of two sensitive species from four sites were developed. A maximum dated chronology of Abies pindrow extended back to 1697-2009 A.D. for 312 years was obtained from Sudhan Gali. Years with slow radial growth (narrow rings) and with rapid radial growth (wide rings) were also recorded. The estimation of age and growth rate of each species was also done. Among all the sampled species, the maximum age of 336 years was observed in both Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana. However, other species attained more than hundred years of age. The maximum radial growth was seen in Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow with the values of 0.92 and 0.47cm per year respectively. On the other hand the growth rate of Picea smithiana and Cedrus deodara was slow with the values of about 0.22 and 0.30 cm per year respectively. The dbh and growth rate of most of the trees from sampled forests were negatively while dbh and age were positively correlated. Quantitative sampling from thirty one stands was carried out in different coniferous forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. For ecological studies, trees were sampled using Point Centered Quarter (PCQ) method. Though coniferous forests were highly disturbed either naturally or due to anthropogenic activities, therefore sampling was preferred to those forests which were near fault line in order to analyze the effects of past earthquakes and landslides on vegetation of these areas. On the basis of 10phytosociological studies, nine communities of six conifer species and one associated broad leaved tree species were defined depending on their importance value. Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow were the dominant species found in twenty one and fourteen sampled forests respectively. Picea smithiana and Cedrus deodara were present infrequently in eight and seven stands respectively. Pinus roxburghii was growing on lower elevations as compared to other conifer species. Pinus roxburghii and Aesculus indica were found as co-dominant species in few stands. Taxus fuana, Morus alba and Betula utilis were rarely present. Frequency size class distribution of trees diameter of all forests was presented. Similarly, for seedlings and saplings, regeneration status of all the sampled forests was done. A total of sixty six understorey plant species were recorded in 1.5 meter radius circular plots. Among these thirty seven were common while twenty eight species occurred infrequently in the sampled forests. This study revealed that these forests have diverse and asymmetric structure due to anthropogenic disturbances and overgrazing, which are key factors in addition to natural disturbances. However, some of the forests showed considerably stable structure due to less human interference. Multivariate analysis was applied on sampled tree species from thirty one different forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Results of cluster analysis (using Ward’s method) yielded six groups. Both the cluster analysis and ordination techniques (by two dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling) were used to classify structure of various groups and interrelationship among different species. The groups of trees were superimposed on NMS ordination; they were well classified and well separated out in ordination.
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مڈھلی گل

مڈھلی گل

میرا تعلق اوس خوش قسمت پیڑھی نال اے جس دادی، نانی، ماسی تے پھپھی تے رشتیاں دا موہ رج کے مانیا۔ گھر وچ دادی یاں نانی کولوں روز کہانی سننی تے جے کر ایہناں رشتیاں آنا ہوندا تاں چاء چڑھ جانا۔ جدوں ایہناں دے پرتن دا سماں آنا تاں کدے ایہناں دی جتی لکو دینی تے کدے کپڑیاں والی گٹھڑی۔ جے انج نہ کرنا تاں رو رو کے برا حال کر لینا۔ وقتی طور تے اوہناں نے اپنا پروگرام اگے پاء دینا تے رات نوں مڑ کہانی سنن دا موقع مل جانا۔ اگلی سویر ایہناں ستے ہوئے چھڈ کے ٹر جانا۔ کدے کدے ایہناں کولوں دن سمے وچ کہانی سناون دی منگ کرنی تاں اگوں جواب کجھ انج دا ملنا:

اوئے کھوتیا! بھلا کوئی دن نوں وی کہانی سندا اے۔ دن ویلے کہانی سنئے تاں بندہ رستہ بھل جاندا اے۔

فیر حیاتی دے پنچھی نے اجہی اڈاری ماری کہ ایہہ رشتے آلوپ کیہ ہوئے کہانیاں وی لک گئیاں تے ہن جدوں اوہ رشتے تے کہانیاں یاد آندیاں نیں تاں من وچوں اک ہوک نکل دی اے۔

میں ایس گلوں اپنے آپ نوں بہوں خوش قسمت سمجھدا ہاں کہ مینوں سروس دے دوران اجہے طالب علم ملے جنہاں لوک کہانیاں اکٹھیاں کرن وچ میری رج کے مدد کیتی۔ میں کئی وار اوہناں دے بزرگاں نوں ملن اوہناں دے گھریں گیا تے ایہہ کہانیاں لکھیاں جو ہن تہاڈی سیوہ وچ کتابی روپ وچ پیش کر رہیا آں۔ پڑھو شاید تہانوں وی کسے رشتے دی یا د آ جاوے۔ جے انج ہو جاوے تاں اوس دی بخشش لئی دُعا ضرور کرنا۔

کہانیاں نوں سو دھن تے ترتیب دیون وچ بہتا ہتھ میرے گھر والی پروفیسر صفیہ ایوب ہوراں دا اے۔ میں اوہناں...

Akuntansi Terintegrasi Islam : Alternatif Model Dalam Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan Islamic Integrated Accounting : Alternative Models in Preparing Financial Statements

Akuntansi merupakan suatu sistem informasi yang krusial dalam menggambarkan kinerja keuangan suatu entitas. Dalam konteks global yang semakin kompleks dan multikultural, terdapat kebutuhan untuk mengembangkan pendekatan akuntansi yang mencerminkan nilai-nilai dan prinsip-prinsip Islam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengusulkan alternatif model penyusunan laporan keuangan yang terintegrasi dengan prinsip-prinsip Islam sebagai respons terhadap kebutuhan akan transparansi, etika, dan keadilan dalam pelaporan keuangan.Dengan menggabungkan prinsip-prinsip akuntansi konvensional dengan nilai-nilai Islam, model ini menawarkan kerangka kerja yang holistik untuk menerapkan konsep akuntansi terintegrasi Islam. Model ini mendasarkan penyusunan laporan keuangan pada prinsip-prinsip syariah, termasuk larangan riba, gharar (ketidakpastian yang berlebihan), dan maysir (spekulasi). Selain itu, model ini menekankan pada tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan, serta aspek etis dalam pelaporan keuangan.Dalam konteks praktis, penelitian ini mengkaji penerapan model akuntansi terintegrasi Islam dalam berbagai jenis entitas, mulai dari perusahaan skala kecil hingga perusahaan skala besar. Implikasi dari penggunaan model ini terhadap transparansi, keadilan, dan keberlanjutan keuangan dianalisis melalui studi kasus dan perbandingan dengan pendekatan akuntansi konvensional.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model akuntansi terintegrasi Islam ini mampu memberikan pandangan yang lebih komprehensif dan berkelanjutan terhadap kinerja keuangan entitas, dengan mengakomodasi prinsip-prinsip syariah dan nilai-nilai etis. Implikasi dari penelitian ini akan memberikan kontribusi bagi pengembangan praktek akuntansi yang lebih inklusif, berkelanjutan, dan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip agama Islam, sehingga memberikan pandangan yang lebih holistik terhadap aspek keuangan dan non-keuangan dalam penyusunan laporan keuangan.

Existence of Pairwise Stability in Two-Sided Matching Markets

In this thesis, we study two types of two-sided matching markets. The prime objective in these markets is to show that there always exists a pairwise stable matching. In these markets, each participant has a preference list. This preference list contains participants of the opposite side listed in an order. In these two-sided matching markets participants of one side can exchange money with participants of the opposite side. The preferences of the participants depend upon the money which they exchange. In fact, the preferences are given in terms of increasing functions of money. First, we consider a one-to-many matching market. For this market we as- sume that the preferences are continuous, strictly increasing linear functions of money. We develop an algorithm to show the existence of pairwise stability in this matching model. This matching model is more general than that of marriage model by Gale and Shapley, assignment game by Shapley and Shubik and hybrid models by Eriksson and Karlander, Sotomayor and Farooq. We also consider a market in which money appears as a discrete variable. For this market, we consider the preferences as strictly increasing functions of money. We use algorithmic approach to show the existence of pairwise stable outcome for the one-to-one matching market. This market generalizes the marriage model by Gale and Shapley.