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Study of Polymeric Hydrogels As Novel Biotechnological Materials

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Nadia, Rasool

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1226

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727388402

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A novel method was developed to synthesize switchable pH responsive hydrogel from natural and synthetic polymers. Blends of CM-chitosan and carrageenan were reacted with acrylic acid and in situ crosslinked with vinyltriethoxy silane (VTESi). This crosslinker is used for the first time for this type of blends. Three sets of polymeric hydrogels were prepared in this work. Polymerization steps involve initiation, propagation, copolymerization and crosslinking reactions. During the process of polymerization, peroxide was broken into radicals, which attack other molecules and monomers present in the reactor to convert them into radicals. These resultant radicals combine with each other to produce stable molecules which upon crosslinking through a process of condensation lead to the formation of network structure having hydrogels properties. These hydrogels are then characterized by using various techniques. Structural and thermal analysis confirmed the presence of crosslinking within hydrogel. Dynamics of water vapor sorption was also done to show the extent and rate of vapor uptake of prepared hydrogels. Similarly swelling study in water gave a clear picture about the effect of concentration of monomer and crosslinking agent on swelling ability of hydrogel. Swellings in buffered, non-buffered and ionic environment exhibited a variety of behavior. Temperature was found to be favorable for swelling but only to a specific extent. All the developed hydrogels showed switchable response against change in pH of the external media. These hydrogel showed low swelling at low and high pH and maximum swelling was observed at neutral pH. This pH response and biocompatible nature of the incorporated component made it a good candidate for drug delivery application. These hydrogels were loaded with insulin and its in-vitro release study showed very interesting results. A very low release of insulin was observed at low pH and consistent release was observed at neutral pH. Further studies on these systems will provide another biotechnological material for gastrointestinal delivery for drugs.
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نامی کوئی بغیر مشقت نہیں ہوا

نامی کوئی بغیر مشقت نہیں ہوا
شہرت ، ناموری ، سروری یہ ایسے حروف ہیں جس کا ہرشخص خواہاں رہتا ہے۔ جیسے ہی شباب کی کلیاں چٹخناشروع ہو جاتی ہیں ناموری کی آرزو انگڑائیاں لیناشروع کر دیتی ہے۔ اور پھر بتدریج اس میں اضافہ ہوتا جاتا ہے۔ لیکن نامور بننے اور شہرت وعروج کے منصب پر فائز ہونے کے لیے سخت محنت اور مشقت کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ اس کے لیے راتوں کو دن بنانا ہوتا ہے، وقت کی قربانی دینی پڑتی ہے، جہد مسلسل کا عادی بننا ہوتا ہے۔ حصول عظمت کی خاطر سخت جدوجہد انتہائی ناگزیر ہے۔
دنیا و مافیھا میں ہر ذوی العقول خواہ وہ گورا ہو، پست قد ہو، طویل القامت ہو، دبلا پتلا ہو یالحیم شحیم ہو، یہودی ہو، نصرانی ہو یا آتش پرست ہو، الغرض جس مسلک یا مشرب سے منسلک ہو اس بات کا وہ ضرور معترف کہ اگر کوئی عظمت، آن بان اور تفوق کے سہرے سے اپنے آپ کو سجانا چاہتا ہے تو وہ صرف اور صرف محنت اور مشقّت سے ہی ایسا کر سکتا ہے۔
فرمانِ باری تعالیٰ ہے’’ انسان کے لیے وہی کچھ ہے جس کے لیے وہ کوشش کرتا ہے اور محنت کرتا ہے‘‘
بنی نوع انسان کی تاریخ کے اوراق کا اگر مطالعہ کریں اور بسلسلہ مشاہدہ چشم بینا وا کر یں تو یہ بات اظہر من الشمس ہے کہ جن سلف صالحین اور نابغۂ روزگار ہستیوں نے نام پیدا کیا وہ شب و روز محنت اور مشقت کی چکی میں پستی رہیں۔ علامہ اقبالؒ ، غزالی ، رازی نفیسی جیسے زعماء جو آسمان علم و دانش پر آفتاب و ماہتاب بن کر چمکے۔ یہ سب ان کی محنت لگن، کاوش اور انتھک جدوجہد کا نتیجہ تھا۔ محنت شاقہ اور جذبہ صادق ہوتو کہساروں سے بھی جوئے شیر نکالی جاسکتی ہے۔
نامی کوئی...

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AMONG PATIENTS WITH STAGE III PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Aims Of Study: The purpose of the study was to assess the functional capabilities of patients with Stage III Parkinson's disease (PD). Functional status of PD patients declines due to impaired postural reflexes and characteristic loss of balance which became evident at Stage III thus activities of daily living (ADLs) are compromised as the severity of the disease increases. Methodology:  Descriptive case series was conducted on stage III PD patients (n=64). Patients with age ranges from 45 to 75 years were recruited and patients with other neurological issues were excluded. They were assessed using a Functional independence measure scale having reliability 0.95. Results: Out of 64 patients, 75% required minimal assistance and 9.4% required supervision while performing the ADLs. Whereas, 81% of patients need 2 hours of personal care assistance according to burden of care. Limitations & Future Implications: Only functional status of PD patient is determined no exercise regime or intervention were incorporated to assess their impact on the PD patient functional activities. Thus, future studies should be carried out to find the correlation between aerobic exercises and their impact on PD patient level of functional independence. Originality: Information added was all taken from databases and reduced to similarity index and was not submitted to any other journal. Conclusion: Stage III Parkinson’s disease patient required minimal level of assistance while performing tasks of daily living. However, majority of these patients required 2 hours of personal care assistance on average per day to compete with daily living.

A Study of Teachers Perceptions About Violence Among Secondary School Students and Strategies for its Control

Violence among students is a serious problem, especially in public schools. It is difficult to achieve the standardized level of education in public schools without lessening violence among students, since violence makes it difficult for students to learn regardless of how good the teachers or curriculum are. Although the students who involve in violence cannot be expected better results, they however undergo the consequences, either the harm that comes from being maltreated or the punishment that comes from being the aggressor. The aim of the study was to investigate the types of violence among students, the reasons behind this violence and the teachers? strategies to control this violence. It was a descriptive study with survey design. All the male secondary school teachers (769) of District Sialkot were the population of the study. For taking inferences and generalization data was collected through 304 randomly selected male secondary school teachers.After the validation by experts and considering the content validity ratio of items a questionnaire was used to collect data. Analysis of data were drawn by using descriptive (Frequency & Mean) as well as inferential statistics (T-Test & Anova). The study reveal students? violence of calling bad names, quarrelling with fellows, using others? belongings without consent, abusing, threatening others, grabbing writing material of other students and slapping other students have witnessed by the teachers in the schools. The study found psychological problems and moral issues, economic problems in the families of students, parenting style and teacher behavior as causes of violence among students. Counseling, warning and informing to head teachers are found best strategies respectively. Schools are supposed to provide learning supportive environment which surely influence students? attitude. There is family on one side who plays very important role in student development while on the other hand school also has equally important role in building the character of students.