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Study of Selected Nutraceuticals on Management of Type-2 Diabetes

Thesis Info

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Author

Hajra Ahmad

Program

PhD

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7500/1/Hajra_Ahmad_Food_%26_Health_Sciences_2016_HSR1232_AIOU_03.02.2017.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727391623

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Background: Diabetes mellitus has spread as a pandemic on the globe, over the last few decades, with no geographical, cultural and economic bounds. Life style has emerged as the causative factor and its modification coupled with dietary intervention are the mainstay in its management. Recently the use of nutraceuticals has become popular alternative for the chronic diseases particularly diabetes. Methods: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of some selected nutraceuticals in relation to placebo on management of Diabetes Mellitus Type-2. These included Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and Chromium Picolinate. The proximate analysis of Cinnamon & Fenugreek was also done to assess the amount of macronutrients, moisture, ash and fiber content. It was a Randomly Controlled Trial. A sample size of 104 subjects was selected which was equally divided in four intervention groups of 26 each (Cinnamon, Fenugreek, Chromium and Placebo). Biochemical parameters such as Diabetic profile (FPG, Insulin levels, HbA1c), Lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL , LDL and VLDL), Hepatic (ALT, ALP), Urinary/Renal profile (microalbumin, total urinary Protein & creatinine) and Blood Complete Picture was studied at three stages i.e. at baseline, three month after intervention and at end of one month washout period. The anthropometric, clinical and dietary data was also collected. The data was analyzed on SPSS 22. Apart from descriptive statistics, data was subjected to repeated measure analysis, and MANOVA to compare all the phases of intervention and inter comparative analysis of three nutraceuticals with placebo. Results: The result outcome was divided and discussed under A, B, C, and D of nutritional status assessment. i.e., Anthropometric, Biochemical, Clinical and Dietary profile of the patients respectively. Out of 104 subjects, 55.8% were males and 44.2% were females. 78% of the subjects were educated having different levels of education; while 22% had no formal education. Majority (63.5%) of the subjects were having sedentary life style. 97% of the subjects shared that they were suffering from some level of stress. Smoking was not common as 64% of the male subjects never smoked, while 87 % of the female population was non- smoker. 74% of the subjects had family history of diabetes, among these 57.70% had close diabetic near relative in the family. vii Majority (89.4%) of the subjects had BMI above normal. None was under weight and only 10.6% were in normal range. Obesity was more prevalent in females as compared to males in all three phases of the study. Intervention of the selected nutraceuticals and change in life style positively affected the mean values of BMI. Central obesity was common feature as 55.8% of the total population was suffering from it. The effect of interventions on anthropometrics was generally positive which was not specifically related to any one of the nutraceuticals as compared to placebo. The statistical analysis proved cinnamon was better in managing different aspects of T2DM with P value of <0.05 as compared to other two nutraceuticals. The descriptive analysis also depicted that the mean marginal difference of cinnamon had better effect on fasting sugar, insulin levels and HbA1c followed by chromium and fenugreek. All the nutraceuticals had some effect on lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL) with minor drop towards lower range as compared to placebo. It remained within normal range in all three phases of the study. The Huynh Feldt test was used to measure the significance of “Test of Within Subject Effects” in which the p- value of less than 0.05 which is significant and shows the considerable impact on the dependent variable i.e. diabetic profile. The clinical signs and symptoms and dietary patterns also improved by the end of intervention phase, the impact of which lasted even during the washout period. The estimated marginal means depicted that cinnamon was more prominent in its role followed by chromium and fenugreek with least effect of placebo. The multivariate analysis shows a highly significant difference between ALT levels of all phases (p=0.000). The comparison of different of interventions showed not much difference between them as the p-value was more than 0.050. This shows that although all interventions had some effect on maintaining the ALT and ALP levels of blood towards normal. It was safe to use as no liver toxicity was observed due to intake of any of the nutraceutical for three months.
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Preparation and Characterization of Different Iron Oxide Phases for Advanced Applications

Research work reported in this thesis involved optimization of three important phases of iron oxide i.e. magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and hematite (α-Fe2O3) through low cost and application oriented sol-gel method. Main emphasis of this research was to develop a single route to prepare the above-mentioned three phases of iron oxide. Important parameters of sol-gel synthesis, including choice of precursor, pH and sol concentration, had initially been optimized for the preparation. Iron chloride and iron nitrate were selected as precursor because of low decomposition temperature and controlled hydrolysis rates. First route (R-I) for synthesis of iron oxide sol included iron chloride (FeCl3.6H2O) as precursor and oleic acid as surfactant. R-I was sub divided in 2 parts a and b. In R-Ia, water and ethanol were used as solvent whereas ethylene glycol was used as solvent in R-Ib. Shelf life of R-Ia was longer as compared to R-Ib that’s why R-Ia was selected for further investigations. Sol concentration of R-Ia was varied as 0.2mM to 2.0mM. Sols were spin coated onto copper (Cu) substrates for preparation of thin films. Films were studied under as-synthesized conditions and after annealing at 300˚C in vacuum under 500Oe externally applied magnetic field. XRD results confirmed the formation of Fe3O4 phase of iron oxide at sol concentration 1.4mM. All other values of sol concentration resulted in mixed iron oxide phases. Formation of different phases for various sol concentrations had been confirmed using Raman spectroscopy. In addition to variation in solvent, ratio of Fe3+/Fe2+ cations during sol synthesis was also varied as 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75 and 2.0. Mixed iron oxide phases with reduced crystallinity were observed under all the conditions. Mixed phases lead to reduction in magnetic as well as dielectric properties. In the second route (R-II), iron chloride (FeCl3.6H2O) was used as precursor, water and ethanol as solvent whereas no surfactant was used during sol synthesis. Sol concentration was varied as 0.2mM to 2.0mM. Sol concentration 0.6mM to 1.0mM resulted in formation of γ-Fe2O3 phase while formation of α-Fe2O3 phase was observed at sol concentration 1.6mM-2.0mM. Mixed phases were observed for rest of the sol’s concentrations. Formation of Fe3O4 phase was not observed for the entire sol concentration range studied. Third route (R-III) was also surfactant free whereas iron nitrate was used as precursor. RIII was sub divided in 2 parts a and b. In R-IIIa, water and ethanol were used as solvent whereas ethylene glycol was used as solvent in R-IIIb. Shelf life of R-IIIa was shorter as compared to R-IIIb that’s why R-IIIb was selected for further investigations. Sol concentration was varied as 0.2mM-2.0mM. XRD results confirmed the formation of γ- Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3 phases at sol concentrations 0.2-0.6mM, 1.2-1.4mM and 1.8- 2.0mM, respectively. Whereas, mixed iron oxide phases were observed for sol concentrations 0.8-1.0mM. Changes in crystallite size, strain and dislocation density were consistent with variation in different phases of iron oxide. Cole-Cole plots fitted using Zview software indicated that changes in dielectric constant along with variation in saturation magnetization strongly depend on different phases of iron oxide. pH of R-IIIb sol was varied from 1 to 11. Strengthened iron oxide phases were observed at pH 1. Optimized molarities (0.6mM, 1.4mM, 2.0mM) using R-IIIb route, with pH 1, were used for the synthesis of doped iron oxide sols. Cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) were used as dopants. Dopant concentration was varied as 2-10wt %. No phase transition was observed for all dopant concentrations. However, variations of magnetic and dielectric properties were observed at particular dopant content. γ-Fe2O3 thin films showed high saturation magnetization and high dielectric constant for 6%, 8% and 4% Co, Ni and Cr doping, respectively. Fe3O4 thin films, showed high saturation magnetization and high dielectric constant for 8%, 6% and 4% Co, Ni and Cr doping, respectively. α-Fe2O3 thin films showed high saturation magnetization and high dielectric constant for 4%, 8% and 8% Co, Ni and Cr doping, respectively.