After stroke epilepsy is the second most common neurological disorder. It occurs due to abnormal neuronal discharge. It is characterized by unprovoked and recurrent seizures which are known as epileptic seizures. Clinically it is manifested in variety of ways from minor physical convulsions to severe tonic-clonic seizures with or without loss of consciousness. Status epilepticus is an acute exacerbation of common epilepsies and life threatening medical emergency, it must be treated or else it may cause serious damage to the brain and even death in many cases. For the management of epilepsy, the antiepileptic drugs, including second and third generations have extensively widened the choice of the drugs for the physicians; however, the efficacy and the antiseizure effects of these drugs are not satisfactory. There is limited choice of drugs for the management of status epilepticus. Keeping these challenges in mind the present study was carried out to investigate the synergistic anti-seizure/antiepileptic effects of combined regimens of Pregabalin with Amlodipine (PGB/AML) and Pregabalin with Nimodipine (PGB/NMD )on acute and kindled models of epilepsy in mice. Current research suggests that calcium influx in neurons plays important role in the genesis of seizures, therefore, the calcium antagonists have potential to be used as anticonvulsants. Anti-seizure actions of PGB can be augmented/potentiated or modified if given in combination with calcium channel inhibitors AML and NMD.The rationale for selecting this combination was based on facts thatAML and NMDhave synergisticanti seizure effects s on PGB and calcium channel blockers have inhibitory effects on voltage-gated calcium channel blockers. we designed the working hypothesis for the present study stating that the in combination-therapies AML and NMD would potentiate and enhance the anti-seizure effects of PGBby theirinhibitory and modulating effects on the calcium channels of the CNS.We examined and analyzed the combination therapy from multiple dimensions both in acute model of seizures as well as in kindled model of epileptogenesis.Our proposed hypothesis that anti-seizure actions of PGB can be augmented or modified if given in combination with AML and NMD had been substantiated by our results. The Combination regimens we employed in the instant experimental animal study were novel and demonstrated significant seizure protection. Our study has established that in both in-vivo models of seizures the combined regimens have demonstrated synergism between PGB and both calcium channel blockers (AML and NMD) incrasing the latent periods,reducing the duration of seizuresand increasing the mortality protection in mice.. We are inclined to hold that PGB:AML and PGB:NMD provided synergistic antiseizure effects in both seizure models. PGB:AMLin acute as well as inkindled modelsprovidedupto 100 percent seizure protection and complelety abolished the generation of seizures at the doses of 5055mg/kg of PGB with 12.5-15 mg/kg of AML(fifth and sixth doses)comparable to reference drugsVPT, PHTand DZ. PGB:NMDprovided 100 percent seizure protectionat the dose of 55mg/kg of PGB with 15 mg/kg (sixth dose) onlyin Kindled model of seizure. PGP:AML demonstratedmore efficacious and potent anti seizure effects as compared to PGB:NMD. We presume that both the calcium channel blockersexhibited their anti seizure effects by potentiating the antiseizure effects of PGB in both combined regimens.In the light of present study the major advantage of combination therpy would be that low doses of PGB could be employed that would be atleast six times in potency to itsindividual effects, thus reducing the doses of the PGB.The combination regimens broader spectrum of antiepileptic usage as compared to ther AEDs is another advantage.This study has provided some basic ground-work guidelines for the future clinical use of combination therapies of PGB with AML and NMD in various forms of epilepsies both for the short term management in conditions like status epilepticus and non epilepticus seizures as well as for the long term management of epilepsy. AML and NMDdeserves attention from a clinical point of view, as a potentially favorable drugs that could be applied in epileptic patients treated with PGB, who additionally requires calcium channel antagonist for reasons other than epilepsy such as hypertensive patients. Though, presently intravenous/ parenteral preparations of PGB is not available, however, it can be hoped that in near future the the availability of PGB parenteral formulations would provide alternate treatment options as combination therapies with calcium antagonist for the management of acute seizures
شاہ اقبال احمد ردولوی افسوس ہے کہ ۱۴؍ مئی ۲۰۰۴ء کو شاہ اقبال احمد ردولوی کا انتقال ہوگیا، اِناﷲ وَاِنا اِلَیہ رَاجِعُون۔ دارالمصنفین کے سابق ناظم مولانا شاہ معین الدین احمد ندوی کا وطن بھی ردولی تھا، وہ وہاں کے شرفا کے ادبی ذوق، تہذیبی شائستگی اور نفاست کا ذکر برابر کرتے تھے، اس سے ردولی کے خاص معیار، رکھ رکھاؤ اور وہاں کے لوگوں کی شرافت، وضعداری اور خوش مذاقی کا نقش دل پر ثبت ہوگیا تھا۔ شاہ معین الدین احمد صاحب معارف میں کبھی کبھی اقبال صاحب کا کلام شائع کرتے تھے، ادہر پھر ان کا کلام معارف میں چھپتا تھا اور جب تک قومی آواز لکھنو بند نہیں ہوا تھا، اس کے سنڈے اڈیشن میں بھی ان کا کلام نظر سے گزرتا تھا، اس کی وجہ سے ان کے کمال فن کا اندازہ تھا اور گزشتہ ۱۵ برس سے ان سے برابر خط و کتابت رہتی تھی، دس بارہ برس پہلے مجھے عرق النسا کا عارضہ ہوا، لوگوں سے ان کی ’’فقیری دوا‘‘ کی اطلاع ملی تو پروفیسر علی حماد عباسی مرحوم سابق پرنسپل شبلی نیشنل پوسٹ گریجویٹ کالج اعظم گڑھ میرا خط لے کر ان کی خدمت میں حاضر ہوئے اور دوا لے آئے، اس کے بعد شہر کے متعدد لوگوں نے مجھ سے خطوط لکھواکر ان سے دوا منگوائی، میں خط کے پتے پر اگر ان کا نام شاہ اقبال احمد لکھ دیتا تو وہ آزردہ ہوکر مجھے لکھتے کہ میرا ادبی نام اقبال ردولوی ہے، یہی نام پتے اور معارف میں ہونا چاہئے لیکن ان کا اصل نام شاہ اقبال احمد صابری قدوسی تھا اور ان کا خاندانی تعلق حضرت شیخ عبدالقدوس گنگوہیؒ سے تھا، ددھیال کلیر شریف میں تھا اور اس کے سجادہ نشین شاہ عبدالرحیم صاحب ان کے دادا تھے، ننھیال ردولی میں تھا جس کے سجادہ نشین حیات...
Islam is a complete code of life for the humanity. It provides guidance in all aspects of human activity. It guides human being in its economic system, social life, in all worships, in family life and in political set up. State is an institution like others which is a tool for mankind to serve its needs in the best possible ways. Islam does not consider a state designed by Allah and in fact leaves the system open to human intellect, to form a mechanism according to the teachings of the scriptures and needs of the time. The guiding principles of Islam stress on proper utilizations of state machinery and authority to the satisfaction of people and to fulfill dictates of Allah’s directions. Islam forbids utilization of public offices for personal benefits. Islamic traditions instructed that the state officials must learn from the principle of Islam as exemplified in the state at the city of Medina; it additionaly shaped its characters as well. The present article is an attempt to highlight the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) that he gave from time to time and ensured its applications letter and spirit.
Structural and Optical Modulations of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor: Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ) Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is a very interesting material due to its number of applications, e.g., high dielectric constant, photocatalytic application. The photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 was first demonstrated in 1972. TiO 2 has a wide band gap (3.0 - 3.2 eV), thus most of the absorption occurs in the UV range, where solar spectrum consists of only 5 - 8%. It is of immense importance to enhance its photocatalytic activity in the visible part of the solar spectrum. This requires band gap tailoring, which can be achieved by doping. However, finding a suitable dopant for TiO 2 is quite critical. In the present work, structural properties and chemical composition of the Nd doped sputter deposited TiO 2 thin films were studied by varying the Nd concentrations from 0 to 2 at. % using RF sputtering. The results suggested that the incorporation of Nd produced stresses in lattice, which shifted diffraction peaks to a lower 2θ values, reduction in crystallite size, elongation of lattice along c-axis and specific texturing along (004) plane. Raman spectroscopy also confirmed asymmetry of bonds. Theoretical modeling of structure was also performed using VESTA code. SEM images confirmed the transformation of faceted to planar surface. XPS showed the presence of O vacancies and non-stoichiometry in films with increased dopant concentration. V doping in the TiO 2 films also displayed interesting results as V existed in many oxidation states with different ionic radii. With the addition of V, preferential growth along (211) plane occurred. The morphology was transformed from faceted to small elongated grains as the concentration of V increased. The substitution of V in place of Ti made the V−O bonds asymmetrical, which created stress to modify the crystallite and grain sizes. XPS showed low binding energy (L.B.E.) shift and an increase in the (D) B.E. difference of Ti-2p doublet peaks, which was due to increased nonstoichiometry in the films. This was also attributed to the substitution of V in the V 3+ and V 5+ states. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the increase in nonstoichiometry, phonon confinement, and asymmetry in the bonding with the increase in V concentration. This was also evident in the PL spectra, where strong xicontributions came from the states associated with V 5+ and V 3+ and dominated the spectra on oxygen vacancies (OV) and defect associated PL. Finally, the role of oxygen concentration and doping concentration in affecting the structural, phase transformation and chemical composition was studied using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Oxygen partial pressure was varied from 100 mtorr (O 2 rich) to 0 mtorr (O 2 absent) and three concentrations of Nd were used as 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 at.%. With the variation of oxygen and dopant concentrations, a sequence of phase transformations was observed. This also reduced the crystallite size and caused the film thickness to reduce. A reduction of Ti (Ti 4+ to Ti 3+ ) was observed and emergence of the O vacancies and consequently generation of nonstoichiometry in TiO 2 lattice, which resulted in the short range ordering of the TiO 2 structure. The present work suggested that the incorporation of Nd inhibits the phase transformation, which can be allowed by increasing the oxygen partial pressures.