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Study of the Effect of Antioxidant on Oxidative Stress in Molecular and Cellular Models

Thesis Info

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Author

Qurat-Ul- Ain

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Karachi

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Molecular Medicine

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10554/1/Qurat-ul-Ain%2c%20Single%20pdf%20file.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727396299

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This study was designed to study various classes of synthetic organic compounds for their antioxidant activities in molecular and cellular models of oxidative stress. Etiology of numerous types of cancers has been linked with oxidative stress, especially, metastatic melanoma is known as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) driven tumor.In this study, five metastatic melanoma cell lines (A375, WM266-4, SK-Mel-28, BLM, and MV3), and two non-metastatic melanoma cell lines (WM-115 and Mel-HO) were used to detect ROS association with neoplastic transformation relative to normal cell lines wound healing fibroblast (CPD95) and normal human melanocytes (NHEM). However, corelation of ROS production with metastatic propensity of malignant melanoma cell lines could be found. Out of over 1,000 compounds evaluated during this study, 250 synthetic organic compounds showed free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay. From them 34 synthetic organic compounds (17 free radical scavengers with low to high free radical scavenging activity, along with 17 non-radical scavenger homologues) were selected for further biomolecular studies. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, using the MTT assay. Eight different synthetic organic compounds of four different classes, pyrimidine derivatives 1 and 4, biscoumarin derivatives 10 and 11, thiazole derivatives 6 and 8, and aryl Schiff’s bases 13 and 15, were identified as potential anti-melanoma agents due to their cytotoxicity against both metastatic (A375, and SK-Mel-28), and non-metastatic cell lines (WM-115) cell lines. The identified potential anti-melanoma agents were further evaluated against normal cells lines wound healing fibroblast (CPD95) and normal human melanocytes (NHEM), and all of them were found to be non-cytotoxic against (NHEM). However, one of the bis-coumarin derivatives 11, one thiazole derivative 8, and both of the pyrimidine, derivatives 1 and 4 were found non-cytotoxic to the fibroblast cells. These compounds were further tested for their anti-migration properties. Both derivatives of the class thiazole, aryl Schiff’s bases, and bis-coumarins were found to behave as antimigration agents, wherase none of them affected intracellular ROS production of A375 cells. DNA synthesis inhibition activity of these compounds was also evaluated using the BrdU incorporation assay; all compounds were found to inhibit DNA synthesis in the metastatic melanoma (A375 cell line) cancer cells. A non-radical scavenger, bis-coumarin derivative 11 with anti-migration and anti-proliferation activities, was tested on 43 different kinases phosphorylation sites, and 2 related proteins (heat shock and tumor supressor) at two different time ponits using proteome profiler human phospho-kinase array assay. Compound 11 was found to target 40 different phosphorylation sites of 25 different kinases. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway kinases (mTOR and PRS40), as well as tumor suppressor proteins (Tp53 and Chk-2 kinase) that are involved in melanoma cell growth and tumor suppression, respectively, were found to be the significant targets of compound 11. Compound 11 was also found to inhibit melanoma cell survival, and growth at gene level via inhibiting phosphorylation of STATs family of transcription factors through the JAK- STAT pathway. Compound 11 was also found to inhibit the melanoma cell survival and proliferation by inhibiting phosphorylation of ERK1/2, MSK1/2, and CREB via EGF and PDGF receptor-dependent, and intracellular redox-independent signaling pathways. Members of Src family of kinases implicated in melanoma migration/metastasis were found to be additional targets of this compound. Compound 11 was effective in inhibiting metastatic melanoma proliferation, and cell migration. For the first time it was identified as a novel anti-melanoma agent of the bis-coumarin class that could suppress the melanoma cell growth along with its metastatic propensity without affecting normal cells. Based on these findings, the lead compound 3,3''((3,5Dichlorophenyl) methylene) bis (4-hydroxy-2-H-chromen-2-one) (11) was identified as a potential anti-melanoma and anti-metastatic drug candidate.
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باب چہارم: معدنی وسائل کا مطالعہ

معدنیات کی اہمیت و افادیت

تعارف(Introduction)

معدنی کا لفظ معدن سے ماخوذ ہے۔ فیروز اللغات میں معدن کے لغوی معنی درج ذیل ہیں:

"کان-کھان- وہ جگہ زمین کھود کر دھاتیں۔ کوئلہ وغیرہ نکالیں۔ (جمع) معادن۔ "[1]

معدنیات کے لغوی معنی "وہ چیزیں جو کان سے نکلیں۔ دھات۔ فلّزات۔ "[2] ہیں۔

معدنیات کو اہم قدرتی وسیلہ کہا جاتا ہے۔ پاکستان معدنیا ت سے مالا مال ملک ہے اس لئے وطن عزیز میں معدنیا ت کے امور طے کرنے کے لئے معدنیات کی وزارت قائم کی گئی ہے۔ معدنیات میں سونا، چاندی، لوہا، تانبا اور نمک وغیرہ شامل ہیں۔ معدنیات کے ذخائر کسی بھی ملک کی ترقی و خوشحالی میں انتہائی مثبت کردار ادا کرتے ہیں۔ مسلم ممالک میں معدنی ذخائر کی بھرمار ہے لیکن ملت اسلامیہ کا المیہ یہ ہے کہ یہ ممالک جدید سائنس و ٹیکنالوجی میں مغربی ممالک کے ہم پلہ نہ ہونے کےباعث اپنے معدنی ذخائر کے اخراج کے لئے ان کے زیر تسلط ہیں۔ جدید ٹیکنالوجی سے لیس ہونا ملت اسلامیہ کے لئے ایک چیلنج کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔

علم معدنیات (Mineralogy)

انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف بریٹانیکا میں علم معدنیات کی تعریف یوں بیان کی گئی ہے:

“Mineralogy: scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of minerals , including their physical properties , chemical composition, internal crystal structure , occurrence and distribution in nature , and their origins in terms of the physicochemical conditions of formation.”[3]

علم معدنیات سے مراد ایسا سائنسی علم ہے جس میں معدنیات کے بارے میں تمام پہلوؤں کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔ اس میں معدنیات کےطبعی خواص، کیمیائی ساخت، اندرونی کرسٹل ڈھانچہ کی تشکیل وغیرہ کا احاطہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

انسائیکلوپیڈیڈک ڈکشنری آف...

الأسس الفلسفية لأسلوب الحياة الإسلامية وغير الإسلامية وأثرها فى المجتمع: دراسة مقارنة

Philosophical Foundations of Islamic and Un-Islamic Pattern of Life and its Impact upon Society: A Comparative Study It is self-evident that human beliefs had great influence on character, actions, ethics, behavior and way of life. The possessors of correct belief produced positive effects and those who possessed incorrect belief promoted negative values in the community. Undoubtedly, the diversity in belief produced diverse ethics, actions, behaviour which gave birth to the different patterns of life in society. Regardless of subdivisions, by looking towards the philosophical foundations, these patterns of life could be divided into four categories in the light of the Qur’an and Sunnah. These lifestyles (also mentioned by Abū ’l-A‘lā Maudūdī in Tajdīd wa Iḥyā-i Dīn) are: Atheistic pattern of life, Polytheistic pattern of life, Monastic pattern of life and Islamic pattern of life. As each pattern had its particular tenets, therefore it formed a particular way of life by leaving its effects upon individual, social, political, economic, cultural and civilizational life. This research work aimed to explain the basic mechanism of these four patterns and their impact on human life. The method used for the collection and analysis of data was descriptive and analytical. The research concluded that three patterns of life (except Islamic pattern of life) produced harmful and negative effects into the society whereas the only Islamic pattern of life ensured the peace and prosperity. Moreover, Islamic pattern of life played a vital role in growth of all disciplines including political social, and economic system. It is therefore suggested that Islamic scholars should uncover the hollowness of Un-Islamic life style and present Islamic pattern of life in logical and systematic way. On one hand, this exercise will encounter the evils and on the other hand would promote good into the society.

Role of the Head Teacher in Fostering Collaborative Learning Among Teachers in a Government Secondary School

Recently the concept of the collaborative teacher learning has emerged as a popular and powerful strategy for teachers' professional development. The strength of collaborative teacher learning is that it encourages workplace learning and develops a sense of continuous professional growth among teachers. More importantly, the role of the headteacher in bringing about any kind of change in the school premises is found to be very crucial. Due to their position, authority and influence within the school, they can bring improvement in their own practices and also encourage and involve other colleagues to do the same. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of a headteacher in fostering collaborative learning among teachers in a government boys' secondary school in Karachi, Pakistan. For this study, the case study design was employed under the qualitative research paradigm. Research participants included the headteacher of the school as the main research participant and four teachers from different grade levels, with different experiences. The purpose of selecting such teachers was to generate data from various perspectives. Data were collected through interviews, observations, document analysis and informal talks. All the recorded data were first transcribed, analyzed by coding and categorized during the fieldwork. After the fieldwork, summative data analysis was employed. The study reveals that the headteacher plays a very significant role in fostering collaborative learning among teachers. He has created such an environment that provides teachers opportunities to learn from each other by involving them in activities that require working together as a team, guiding and supporting each other. The headteacher continuously encouraged teachers to build confidence and helped them in utilizing their own expertise and capabilities through sharing and discussions for better teaching and learning practices. This shows that the concept of collaborative teacher learning can be used as a very successful strategy for teachers' continuous professional development in the government schools in the context of Pakistan, where there are few opportunities for teachers to join professional development institutes.