The thermal diffusive properties of d-block transition metals are presented in this dissertation using semi-emperical methods. The microscopic study of the diffusion on the surfaces of the metals in presence of the adislands is carried out by molecular dynamics simulation (MD) technique. The diffusion mechanism of small 2- dimensional islands on the (111) surfaces of the transition metals, both for the homo- and hetero-diffusion of the adislands on the surfaces are studied, at different temperatures. The important atomic processes at the back of thermal diffusive behavior of the adislands as well as of the surfaces are elaborated. During the of small islets’ diffusion, the hoping events and zigzag concerted motion along with rotation are observed for Ag 1-atom to 3-atom islands while single-atom and multi-atom processes are discovered for Ag 4-atom and 5-atom islands, during the diffusion on Ag(111) surface. The diffusion coefficient, activation energy barrier and diffusion prefactor are determined for small Ag-islands diffusion on Ag(111) surface. A noticeable increase in the value of activation energy barrier is found with the increase in the number of atoms in Silver adislands on Silver (111) surface. A logical linear fit is observed for the diffusion coefficient for studied temperatures (300, 500, and 700 K). There is the same increasing and/or decreasing trends for both the diffusion coefficient and effective energy barrier are observed in both the self-learning Kinetic Monte Carlo (SLKMC) and MD calculations, for the temperature range of 300–700 K. The diffusion mechanism of small clusters of Copper (Cu) comprising of 1-9 atoms on Ag(111) surface is the major part of the study. Simulations carried out at three different temperatures of 300 K, 500 K and 700K, show dominant concerted motion for the Cu-smaller islands (containing 2 to 4 atoms), while shapechanging multiple-atom processes are found responsible for the diffusion of larger islands of Cu on Ag(111) surface. Arrhenius plots of the diffusion coefficients reveal the effective energy barrier less than 260 ± 5 meV for all Cu9/Ag(111). There is good scaling of the effective energy barrier with size, but most notably it remains constant for islands with 4 to 6 atoms of Cu on Ag(111) surface. The increase in the diffusion coefficient is within a factor of 10 at the said temperatures. The observed anharmonic features of the Cuadislands (breakage and pop-up) at Ag(111) surface as well as the surface anharmonicity of the Ag-substrate in the form of fissures, dislocations, vacancy creation and atomic exchange, are also the part of the dissertation. Regarding the observed diffusion mechanism of small clusters of Ag/Ag(111), the results are in a reasonable agreement with ab-initio density-functional theory calculations for Al/Al(111) while the energy barrier values are in the same range as the experimental values for Cu/Ag(111) and the theoretical values using ab-initio density-functional theory supplemented with embedded-atom method for Ag/Ag(111). For the smaller sized Copper islands on (111) surface of Silver, the variation in effective energy barrier with the island size is in good agreement with the experimental findings. These findings provide better input for KMC simulations and can supplement the experiments of the surface science.
اردو کے نامور محققین(بابائے اردومولوی عبدالحق) مولوی عبدا لحق برِ صغیر پاک ہند کے عظیم اردو مفکر، محقق، ماہر لسانیات، معلم، بانی انجمن ترقی اردو اور اردو کالج کے بانی تھے، ا?پ کو بابائے اردو کے لقب سے یاد کیا جاتا ہے۔آپ کی تاریخ پیدائش کے حوالے سے کافی اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے ،لیکن بقول ممتاز حسین مولوی عبدالحق 20 اپریل،1870ء کوبرطانوی ہندوستان کے ضلع میرٹھ کے ہاپوڑ کے قریب سراوہ نامی ایک گاؤں میں پیدا ہوئے۔مولوی عبدالحق نے ابتدائی تعلیم گھر پر ہوئی پھر میرٹھ میں پڑھتے رہے۔ بابائے اْردومولوی عبدالحق کو ابتدا ء ہی میں ریاضی سے گہرا لگاؤ تھا جس نے اْنہیں غور و فکر اور مشاہدے کا عادی بنا دیا۔اس کے علاوہ انہیں فارسی اور اْردو شاعری، نثرنگاری ،تاریخ ،فلسفہ اور مذہب کا مطالعہ کرنے کا بھی شوق تھا ان علوم اور ادب کے مطالعے نے مولوی عبدالحق? کے قلب و ذہن پر مثبت اثرات مرتب کئے انہیں اپنے اطراف سے گہری دلچسپی پیدا ہوئی۔ بابائے اْردو مولوی عبدالحق نے نہ صرف اْردو میں تنقید نگاری، مقدمہ نگاری اور معنویت عطا کی بلکہ اْردو میں پہلی بار حقیقی تبصرہ، جائزہ اور لسانی اکتساب صرف بابائے اْردو مولوی عبدالحق کی مقدمہ نگاری میں میسر آیا انہوں نے اْردو میں تبصرہ نگاری کو ایک نیا رنگ اور ڈھنگ عطا کیا۔جنوری 1902ء میں آل انڈیا محمڈن ایجوکیشن کانفرنس علی گڑھ کے تحت ایک علمی شعبہ قائم کیا گیا جس کانام انجمن ترقی اردو تھا۔ مولانا شبلی نعمانی اس کے سیکرٹری رہے تھے۔ عزیز مرزا کے بعد 1912ء میں مولوی عبدالحق سیکرٹری منتخب ہوئے جنھوں نے بہت جلد انجمن ترقی اردو کو ایک فعال ترین علمی ادارہ بنا دیا۔ مولوی عبدالحق اورنگ آباد (دکن ) میں ملازم تھے ،وہ انجمن کو اپنے ساتھ لے گئے اور اس طرح حیدر آباد دکن اس کا مرکز بن گیا۔
Islam is a complete code of life. It has complete instructions regarding all aspects of life. There is no moment in human life when the wisdom of Islam has not benefited humanity. Likewise there is no such area in the world where Islam has not put the light of guidance. Allah Almighty has systematically administered this world system. Allah created the universe and set it disciplined, then created man and gave him every kind of physical, rational, logical and argumintive ability, so that humans can know the secrets of the universe by thinking and understanding it. The journey of research and discovery, which started long ago, is still continues today after passing through different stages of research. This journey of research resulted in evolution of philosophy, civilization, promotion of new scientific innovations and discoveries. The research and discovery resulted in the secrets of heaven and earth. Today, man stands at the stage of science and technology, about which the human being in the older days even could not imagine of it. In this entire evolutionary journey, the religion of Islam is the only religion that not only stood firmly with humans, but guided him at every step during this evolutionary journey. In this context, the Quranic teachings are comprehensive matter. Allamah Sayyuti says "There is no knowledge and problem that is not discussed in the Qur'an. So Islam invites human to research in the system of the universe and presents the system of universe for its authenticity.
The production of fresh water is decreasing due to loss in movement of water from natural resources, because of the rapid degradation in watersheds, soil erosion, deforestation, urbanization and due to the untreated discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater into the rivers and water bodies. Housing and infrastructure development being the top priority at government level is also impacting the health of watersheds; resultantly our dams are losing their capacity due to increased sedimentation. Keeping in view the importance of our water reservoirs for irrigation and energy production, industrial and domestic use, this study that encompass the hydrological and socioeconomic impacts of infrastructure (including housing) development in Simly and Mangla watersheds was designed and conducted. It aimed at assessing the current magnitude and distribution of development in the study area. Infrastructure development was correlated with soil erosion, quality and regime of water in the channels. Based on the results, critical watershed zones, vulnerable to destabilization were delineated. Socioeconomic impacts of infrastructure developments were also studied by conducting survey and using Delphi technique. It has been established by the researchers that impervious area in a watershed should remain below 10 percent. But impervious land use in Simly watershed has already crossed this limit (13.23 percent) and is increasing at a pace of 1.91 percent/year. In Mangla watershed the impervious areas is 9.81 percent, this has almost reached the allowable limit. It has also been determined that at current pace of development, 16.84 percent of the area in Simly will be under impervious land use. Similarly in case of Mangla Dam due to the development of improved road network, tourist facilities and other allied infrastructures in the area this watershed will also cross this safe limit within a few years. The relative impacts of different land uses was then correlated with the intensity of soil erosion, sediment load in stream water, water quality, and water regime. Based on the land use of the area, different channels in the Simly stream system were categorized into Urbanizing, Agriculture, Forest and Main channels. So that the responses of the watershed under different land uses could be compared. The study revealed that the soil erosion is more in areas under xiiiimpervious land use or where the land is disturbed due to development activities. Similarly, the sediment load in different categories of channels was studied. It was found that sediment load in the urbanizing water channel was highest (26.03 g/l) followed by Agriculture (8.86 g/l), Main channel (2.6 g/l) and Forest (1.73 g/l) was the least contributor of sediment in the channels. Water regime of different categories of channels was also studied. The results of study showed that urbanizing streams do not flow at a steady pace, these are either dry or in flood conditions. Forests tributaries on the other hand showed more steady flow, both dry and flood instances were less in this category of channels. Similarly rate of sediment deposit in the reservoir also increased due to the increased development activities specially construction of Islamabad Muzzaffarabad Dual Carriage Way (IMDCW). From 1983 to 1999 sediment contribution of watershed was 19.77 m 3 /ha/year, which has increased to a tune of 22.03 m 3 /ha/year during 1999 to 2009. This enhanced rate of sedimentation is attributed to the development activities specially IMDCW. Water quality of the stream system has also been deteriorated. Turbidity and hardness was more in Urbanizing as compared to other land use. Similarly Coliform and E.coli count was more in urbanizing category of channels. Slope, soils, climate and land use are the important factors that impact the hydrology and determine the vulnerability of the areas to destabilization. The areas falling in different slope bands were determined. It is generally considered that areas having a slope up to 15 percent are fit for agriculture. Areas having a slope of 15-30 percent should be put under fruit trees whereas at a slope above 30 percent, the area should be kept undisturbed under forest trees and shrubs. The areas under different slope bands were determined. The areas with slopes above 50 percent were delineated as critical areas. Prudence should be observed while taking up large scale development activity like construction of highways and development of townships. The study has also revealed that the socioeconomic condition of the communities has improved. Life expectancy has increased. In 1991 only two percent of the population was above 70 years which has now increased to 3 percent. Literacy rate in the area has also increased from 70 percent in 1998 to 74 percent in 2009. Improvement in literacy has been seen especially in female xivpopulation. Forty percent of the female population in the age above 18 years was illiterate whereas in the females below the age of 18 years illiterate population is only 16 percent. This is a positive social change. The female child is also gaining the same importance as the male child. Average number of rooms per housing unit has increased from 3.7 in 1991 to 6.07 in 2009. Similarly construction quality has improved. The people have shifted from stone in mud masonry and wooden roofs to stone in cement masonry and corrugated sheet roofs. Only 37 percent of households had bath rooms in 1991 whereas the households that have bath rooms have increased to 85 percent. Analysis of the data revealed that per-capita land holding of the communities living in the watershed is very small (0.132 ha.). The small land holding, low agricultural productivity, alternate job opportunities and high land prices offered by private land developers for townships has decreased the interest in farming. This has further accelerated the deterioration process in the watershed.